Alleviation of nitroglycerin-induced migraine in rats: inhibition of central sensitization by optimizing Qinggan Jieyu decoction (清肝解郁方) via regulation of purinergic receptor P2X ligand-gated ion channel 7 and autophagy

doi:10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.2026.01.008

Abstract

Abstract:

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of optimizing Qinggan Jieyu decoction (清肝解郁方) on purinergic receptor P2X ligand-gated ion channel 7 (P2X7R) and autophagy in migraine model rats based on molecular biology and histopathology.

METHODS: A migraine rat model was established by a single subcutaneous nitroglycerin (NTG) injection into the posterior neck. QGJY was administered via gavage for 7 d prior to NTG induction. Behavioral changes, central sensitization biomarkers, and inflammatory cytokine levels were analyzed to evaluate migraine severity. Western blot, immunofluorescence, quantitative real-time PCR, and transmission electron microscopy were employed to assess P2X7R expression and autophagy activity in trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) tissues. The P2X7R agonist 2’ (3’)-O-(4-Benzoylbenzoyl) adenosine-5’-triphosphate (BzATP) was further utilized to validate QGJY's regulatory effects.

RESULTS: QGJY significantly reduced cage-climbing and head-scratching frequencies in NTG-induced migraine rats, downregulated serum and TNC levels of interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and suppressed central sensitization markers (substance P; calcitonin gene-related peptide; and c-fos induced growth factor) in TNC tissues (P < 0.05). QGJY markedly decreased microglial cell counts and average immunofluorescence intensity in TNC tissues and promoted elongation of microglial protrusions (P < 0.05). Concurrently, QGJY downregulated P2X7R protein and mRNA expression, reduced the light chain 3 (LC3)-II/LC3-I ratio, elevated ubiquitin-binding protein p62 levels, and diminished autophagosome numbers in TNC tissues (P < 0.05). Furthermore, QGJY reversed BzATP-induced P2X7R upregulation (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS: QGJY alleviates migraine and inhibits central sensitization in rats, potentially by downregulating P2X7R expression, concomitantly suppressing autophagy, attenuating microglial activation, and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine release.

Key words: migraine disorders, receptors, purinergic P2X7, autophagy, optimizing Qinggan Jieyu decoction

LI Jiazheng, ZHOU Bo. Alleviation of nitroglycerin-induced migraine in rats: inhibition of central sensitization by optimizing Qinggan Jieyu decoction (清肝解郁方) via regulation of purinergic receptor P2X ligand-gated ion channel 7 and autophagy[J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2026, 46(1): 85-94.

Figures/Tables 4

Figure 1 QGJY intervention alleviates NTG-induced migraines A: cage-climbing frequency; B: head-scratching frequency; C: western blot of central sensitization-related indicators; D: SP protein expression; E: CGRP protein expression; F: c-fos protein expression. Sham group: received daily gavage of 0.9% saline (10 mL/kg) for 7 consecutive days, followed by a subcutaneous injection of saline at the posterior neck on day 7; NTG group: received daily gavage of 0.9% saline for 7 d, followed by a subcutaneous injection of 10 mg/kg NTG at the posterior neck on day 7; NTG + QGJY Group: received daily gavage of QGJY (at the same volume as saline) for 7 d, followed by a subcutaneous injection of 10 mg/kg NTG on day 7; NTG + QGJY + BzATP Group: received daily gavage of QGJY for 7 d, followed by a co-injection of 10 mg/kg NTG and 3.5 mg/kg BzATP subcutaneously on day 7. NTG: nitroglycerin; QGJY: optimizing Qinggan Jieyu decoction; BzATP: BzATP triethylammonium salt; SP: substance P; CGRP: calcitonin gene-related peptide; c-fos: c-fos induced growth factor. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare more than two groups, followed by Tukey’s post hoc test for pairwise comparisons. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 6). aP < 0.05, sham group compared to NTG group; bP < 0.05, NTG + QGJY group compared to NTG + QGJY + BzATP group; cP < 0.05, NTG group compared to NTG + QGJY group.

Figure 2 QGJY inhibits the levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α A: IL-1β levels in serum; B: IL-6 levels in serum; C: TNF-α levels in serum; D: IL-1β levels in TNC tissues; E: IL-6 levels in TNC tissues; F: TNF-α levels in TNC tissues. Sham group: received daily gavage of 0.9% saline (10 mL/kg) for 7 consecutive days, followed by a subcutaneous injection of saline at the posterior neck on day 7; NTG group: received daily gavage of 0.9% saline for 7 d, followed by a subcutaneous injection of 10 mg/kg NTG at the posterior neck on day 7; NTG + QGJY Group: received daily gavage of QGJY (at the same volume as saline) for 7 d, followed by a subcutaneous injection of 10 mg/kg NTG on day 7; NTG + QGJY + BzATP Group: received daily gavage of QGJY for 7 d, followed by a co-injection of 10 mg/kg NTG and 3.5 mg/kg BzATP subcutaneously on day 7. NTG: nitroglycerin; QGJY: optimizing Qinggan Jieyu decoction; BzATP: BzATP triethylammonium salt. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare more than two groups, followed by Tukey’s post hoc test for pairwise comparisons. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 6). aP < 0.05, sham group compared to NTG group; bP < 0.05, NTG + QGJY group compared to NTG group.

Figure 3 QGJY inhibited microglia activation and P2X7R expression in the TNC tissues A: P2X7R/Iba1 co-staining in TNC; B: group comparisons of P2X7R and Iba1 expression; A1: nuclear staining with DAPI; A2: immunostaining for the microglial marker Iba1; A3: immunostaining for the P2X7 receptor; A4: merged image of A1-A3; B1: sham (DAPI); B2: NTG (DAPI); B3: NTG + QGJY (DAPI); B4: NTG + QGJY + BzATP (DAPI); B5: sham (Iba1); B6: NTG (Iba1); B7: NTG + QGJY (Iba1); B8: NTG + QGJY + BzATP (Iba1); B9: sham (merge); B10: NTG (merge); B11: NTG + QGJY (merge); B12: NTG + QGJY + BzATP (merge); C: total length of process processes per microglia; D: quantitative analysis of the Iba1 positive cells for FOV; E: mean length of processes per microglia; F: Western blot of P2X7R; G: relative expression levels of P2X7R proteins; H: QRT-PCR analysis of the relative P2X7R mRNA level. Sham group: received daily gavage of 0.9% saline (10 mL/kg) for 7 consecutive days, followed by a subcutaneous injection of saline at the posterior neck on day 7; NTG group: received daily gavage of 0.9% saline for 7 d, followed by a subcutaneous injection of 10 mg/kg NTG at the posterior neck on day 7; NTG + QGJY Group: received daily gavage of QGJY (at the same volume as saline) for 7 d, followed by a subcutaneous injection of 10 mg/kg NTG on day 7; NTG + QGJY + BzATP Group: received daily gavage of QGJY for 7 d, followed by a co-injection of 10 mg/kg NTG and 3.5 mg/kg BzATP subcutaneously on day 7. TNC: trigeminal nucleus caudalis; QRT-PCR: quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; QGJY: optimizing Qinggan Jieyu decoction; P2X7R: P2X7 receptor; Iba1: ?ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1?; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; NTG: nitroglycerin; BzATP: BzATP triethylammonium salt; FOV: field of view. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare more than two groups, followed by Tukey’s post hoc test for pairwise comparisons. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 6). aP < 0.05, sham group compared to NTG group; bP < 0.05, NTG + QGJY group compared to NTG group; cP < 0.05, NTG + QGJY group compared to NTG + QGJY + BzATP group.

Figure 4 QGJY inhibits autophagy in TNC tissues of migraine rats A: Western blot of LC3 and P62; B: relative LC3 Ⅱ protein expression vs LC3 Ⅰ; C: relative P62 protein expression vs β-actin; D: TEM images of the TNC tissues in different groups; D1: sham (TEM); D2: NTG (TEM); D3 NTG + QGJY (TEM); D4: NTG + QGJY + BzATP (TEM); D5: sham (enlarge); D6: NTG (enlarge); D7 NTG + QGJY (enlarge); D8: NTG + QGJY + BzATP (enlarge); D9: autophagosome (sham); D10, D11, D12, D13: autophagosomes (NTG); D14: autophagosome (NTG + QGJY); D15, D16: autophagosome (NTG + QGJY + BzATP). Scale bar: 5 μm (2 μm, enlarged); Sham group: received daily gavage of 0.9% saline (10 mL/kg) for 7 consecutive days, followed by a subcutaneous injection of saline at the posterior neck on day 7; NTG group: received daily gavage of 0.9% saline for 7 d, followed by a subcutaneous injection of 10 mg/kg NTG at the posterior neck on day 7; NTG + QGJY Group: received daily gavage of QGJY (at the same volume as saline) for 7 d, followed by a subcutaneous injection of 10 mg/kg NTG on day 7; NTG + QGJY + BzATP Group: received daily gavage of QGJY for 7 d, followed by a co-injection of 10 mg/kg NTG and 3.5 mg/kg BzATP subcutaneously on day 7. TNC: trigeminal nucleus caudalis; QGJY: optimizing Qinggan Jieyu decoction; LC3: light chain 3; P62: elevated ubiquitin-binding protein p62; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; NTG: nitroglycerin; BzATP: BzATP triethylammonium salt. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare more than two groups, followed by Tukey’s post hoc test for pairwise comparisons. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 6). aP < 0.05, sham group compared to NTG group; bP < 0.05, NTG + QGJY group compared to NTG group; cP < 0.05, NTG + QGJY group compared to NTG + QGJY + BzATP group.

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