Xiahuo Pingwei San (夏藿平胃散) attenuated intestinal inflammation in dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis mice through inhibiting the receptor for advanced glycation end-products signaling pathway

doi:10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.2025.02.006

Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (2): 311-325.DOI: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.2025.02.006

• Original articles • Previous Articles Next Articles

Xiahuo Pingwei San (夏藿平胃散) attenuated intestinal inflammation in dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis mice through inhibiting the receptor for advanced glycation end-products signaling pathway

HUANG Jiaen¹, LUO Qing², DONG Gengting³, PENG Weiwen¹, HE Jianhong¹(), DAI Weibo³^,⁴()

1 Department of Pharmacy, Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan 528400, China
2 State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine & Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR 999078, China
3 Pharmacology Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan 528400, China
4 National Bngineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hospital Prepration Transformation Branch, Zhongshan 528400, China

Received:2024-06-16 Accepted:2024-11-11 Online:2025-04-15 Published:2025-03-10
Contact: DAI Weibo, Pharmacology Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan 528400, China; National Bngineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hospital Prepration Transformation Branch, Zhongshan 528400, China. daiweibo007@163.com; HE Jianhong, Department of Pharmacy, Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan 528400, China. 1511487299@qq.com, Telephone: +86-15014506263; +86-13590775932
Supported by:
Guangdong Provincial Basic and Applied Basic Research Project: Mechanistic Study on the Regulation of Inflammatory Microenvironment and Improvement of Ulcerative Colitis by Lingnan Traditional Medicine Ficus Pandurata Hance through Wilms' Tumor 1-associating Protein-Mediated RNA Methyltransferase Promoting Toll Like Receptor 4 m6A Modification(2023A1515011699);Zhongshan Medical Research Project: Mechanistic Study on the Action of Xiahuo Pingwei San in the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis(2022A020446)

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Abstract

Abstract:

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the therapeutic effects of Xiahuo Pingwei San (夏藿平胃散, XHPWS) on ulcerative colitis (UC) in mice and to explore the underlying mechanisms through a network pharmacology approach.

METHODS: Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) was utilized to identify the chemical composition and authenticate the active constituents of XHPWS, ensuring rigorous quality control across batches. A dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC model was established in C57BL/6 mice, which were treated with XHPWS in vivo. The efficacy against UC was assessed by measuring parameters such as body weight, disease activity index (DAI) scores, and colon length. Levels of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), in colonic tissue were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Histological analysis of colon sections was conducted using hematoxylin and eosin staining. A network pharmacology approach was employed to explore the mechanisms of XHPWS and to predict its potential targets in UC treatment. Predicted protein expressions in colonic tissue were validated using immune-ohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blotting techniques.

RESULTS: XHPWS effectively alle viated DSS-induced UC symptoms in mice, as evidenced by restored body weight, reduced colon shortening, and decreased DAI scores. Histopathological examination revealed that XHPWS significantly reduced intestinal inflammatory infiltration, restored intestinal epithelial permeability, and increased goblet cell count. Network pharmacology analysis identified 63 active compounds in XHPWS and suggested that it might target 35 potential proteins associated with UC treatment. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that the protective mechanism of XHPWS could be related to the advanced glycation end products-receptor for advanced glycation end products (AGE-RAGE) signaling pathway. Notably, quercetin, kaempferol, wogonin, and nobiletin, the main components of XHPWS, showed strong correlations with the core targets. Additionally, experimental validation demonstrated that XHPWS significantly decreased levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in UC mice, while downregulating the expression of proteins related to the AGE-RAGE pathway.

CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that XHPWS effectively alle viates colitis symptoms and inflammation in UC mice, potentially through the regulation of the AGE-RAGE pathway. These findings provide strong evidence for the therapeutic potential of XHPWS in UC treatment, thereby broadening its clinical applications.

Key words: colitis, ulcerative, network pharmacology, inflammation, glycation end products, advanced, receptor for advanced glycation end products, signal transduction, Xiahuo Pingwei San

HUANG Jiaen, LUO Qing, DONG Gengting, PENG Weiwen, HE Jianhong, DAI Weibo. Xiahuo Pingwei San (夏藿平胃散) attenuated intestinal inflammation in dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis mice through inhibiting the receptor for advanced glycation end-products signaling pathway[J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025, 45(2): 311-325.

Figures/Tables 7

Figure 1 XHPWS alleviated symptoms of UC mice induced by DSS A: the animal study design and the time-course of body weight changes; B: the time-course of disease activity index in different group; C: representative colon images in each group. D: the colon length in each group. E: Histological analysis of colon tissues by HE staining (× 100, scale bars = 100 μm); E1: colon tissues of the control group; E2: colon tissues of the model group; E3: colon tissues of the SASP group; E4: colon tissues of the XHPWS-L group; E5: colon tissues of the XHPWS-H group. F: representative Western blotting brands of ZO-1 in the colon tissues. Control: normal control (fed on standard chow); Model: model group (DSS + standard chow); SASP: positive control group (DSS + 200 mg/kg SASP); XHPWS-L: low-dose XHPWS group (DSS + 5.46 g/kg XHPWS); XHPWS-H: high-dose XHPWS group (DSS + 10.92 g/kg XHPWS). XHPWS: Xiahuo Pingwei San; DSS: dextran sulfate sodium; SASP: sulfasalazine; ZO-1: Zonula Occludens 1; UC: ulcerative colitis; HE: hematoxylin and eosin; ANOVA: analysis of variance. Statistical significance was assessed using one-way ANOVA, followed by pairwise comparisons between groups using the t-test. All data were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (n = 8). aP < 0.01, compared with the control group; bP < 0.001, cP < 0.05 and dP < 0.01, compared with the model group.

Figure 2 Active Ingredients-Targets network of XHPWS and potential target genes A: venn diagram of the targets both in the differential genes of UC and XHPWS targets; B: active ingredients-targets network, the edges represented the relationship between active ingredients and the target genes; C: positive ion mode UPLC-Q-TOF/MS base peak ion flow graph (BPC) for XHPWS; D: negative ion mode UPLC-Q-TOF/MS BPC for XHPWS. XHPWS: Xiahuo Pingwei San; UC: ulcerative colitis; UPLC-Q-TOF/MS: ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Figure 3 Molecular docking simulation for the compounds of HXPWS binding with IL-6 and IL-1β Molecular docking simulation between molecular compounds and proteins: A: quercetin and IL-6; B: kaempferol and IL-6; C: wogonin and IL-6; D: quercetin and IL-1β; E: kaempferol and IL-1β. Effects of XHPWS on pro-inflammatory cytokines F: IL-6, G: IL-1β, and H: TNF-α in colonic tissues of UC mice determined by ELISA assay. Control: normal control (fed on standard chow); Model: model group (DSS + standard chow); SASP: positive control group (DSS + 200 mg/kg SASP); XHPWS-L: low-dose XHPWS group (DSS + 5.46 g/kg XHPWS); XHPWS-H: high-dose XHPWS group (DSS + 10.92 g/kg XHPWS). XHPWS: Xiahuo Pingwei San; DSS: dextran sulfate sodium; SASP: sulfasalazine; UC: ulcerative colitis; ANOVA: analysis of variance; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IL-6: interleukin-6; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Statistical significance was assessed using one-way ANOVA, followed by pairwise comparisons between groups using the t-test. All data were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (n = 8). aP < 0.05, compared with the control group; bP < 0.001, cP < 0.01 and dP < 0.05, compared with the model group.

Figure 4 Modulation of the expression of RAGE and its downstream related proteins by XHPWS A: the expressions of RAGE in colon tissues of mice were evaluated by Western blot; B: the expressions of p-PI3K, p-AKT in colon tissues of mice were evaluated by Western blot; C: quantitative analysis of RAGE for western blot results by normalizing to GAPDH; D: quantitative analysis of p-PI3K and p-AKT for Western blot results by normalizing to β-actin; E: representative images of PI3K immunostaining of colon tissues in each group (× 200, bar = 100 μm); F: representative images of AKT immunostaining of colon tissues in each group (× 200, bar = 100 μm); G: representative images of NF-κB p65 immunostaining of colon tissues in each group (× 200, bar = 100 μm); H: representative images of NF-κB p-p65 immunostaining of colon tissues in each group (× 200, bar = 100 μm); E1, F1, G1, H1: colon tissues of the control group; E2, F2, G2, H2: colon tissues of the model group; E3, F3, G3, H3: colon tissues of the SASP group; E4, F4, G4, H4: colon tissues of the XHPWS-L group; E5, F5, G5, H5: colon tissues of the XHPWS-H group. Control: normal control (fed on standard chow); Model: model group (DSS + standard chow); SASP: positive control group (DSS + 200 mg/kg SASP); XHPWS-L: low-dose XHPWS group (DSS + 5.46 g/kg XHPWS); XHPWS-H: high-dose XHPWS group (DSS + 10.92 g/kg XHPWS). XHPWS: Xiahuo Pingwei San; DSS: dextran sulfate sodium; SASP: sulfasalazine; RAGE: receptor for advanced glycation end products; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; AKT: protein kinase B; NF-κB p65: nuclear factor kappa B p65 subunit; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; ANOVA: analysis of variance. Statistical significance was assessed using one-way ANOVA, followed by pairwise comparisons between groups using the t-test. All data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). aP < 0.01 and dP < 0.001, compared with the control group; bP < 0.01, cP < 0.05 and eP < 0.001, compared with the model group.

Table 1 The top 10 results of the GO enrichment analysis

Subgroup	Description	P value	Count
BP	Response to lipopolysaccharide	1.39129E-14	13
BP	Response to molecule of bacterial origin	3.05352E-14	13
BP	Response to peptide	4.26132E-11	12
BP	Cytokine-mediated signaling pathway	7.33424E-10	11
BP	Leukocyte migration	1.31002E-09	10
BP	Female pregnancy	4.03116E-11	9
BP	Multi-organism reproductive process	1.00988E-10	9
BP	Multi-multicellular organism process	1.42064E-10	9
BP	Response to radiation	7.68554E-08	9
BP	Cell chemotaxis	9.02551E-08	8
CC	External side of plasma membrane	1.07883E-06	8
CC	Membrane raft	1.49121E-06	7
CC	Membrane microdomain	1.52191E-06	7
CC	Apical part of cell	0.00088087	5
CC	Collagen-containing extracellular matrix	0.000928349	5
CC	RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex	0.000727779	4
CC	Endoplasmic reticulum lumen	0.002211584	4
CC	Caveola	0.000419767	3
CC	Plasma membrane raft	0.001068567	3
CC	Serine-type peptidase complex	0.00016877	2
MF	Receptor ligand activity	2.92897E-06	8
MF	Signaling receptor activator activity	3.25405E-06	8
MF	Cytokine activity	1.09413E-08	8
MF	Cytokine receptor binding	6.71589E-07	7
MF	G protein-coupled receptor binding	0.000199967	5
MF	Integrin binding	1.08315E-05	5
MF	Chemokine receptor binding	2.1937E-07	5
MF	Endopeptidase activity	0.008810114	4
MF	Peptidase regulator activity	0.000916866	4
MF	Serine hydrolase activity	0.000494212	4

Table 2 The top 10 pathways of the KEGG pathway enrichment analysis

ID	Description	P value	Count
hsa04668	TNF signaling pathway	2.51E-24	13
hsa04657	IL-17 signaling pathway	1.03E-20	11
hsa05418	Fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis	7.68E-17	10
hsa04933	AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications	5.55E-14	8
hsa05200	Pathways in cancer	2.00E-08	8
hsa05323	Rheumatoid arthritis	3.07E-12	7
hsa05144	Malaria	8.95E-12	6
hsa04064	NF-kappa B signaling pathway	5.10E-10	6
hsa04620	Toll-like receptor signaling pathway	6.38E-10	6
hsa05164	Influenza A	9.77E-09	6

Table 3 Quantitative analysis of PI3K, AKT, NF-κB p65, NF-κB p-p65 for immunohistochemical staining (IOD/Area, $\bar{x}±s$)

Group	n	PI3K	AKT	NF-κB p65	NF-κB p-p65
Control	3	0.230 $±$ 0.018	0.180 $±$ 3.4×10^-17	0.180 $±$ 0.019	0.120 $±$ 0.012
Model	3	0.310 $±$ 0.045^a	0.280 $±$ 0.031^a	0.220 $±$ 0.015^a	0.170 $±$ 0.011^d
SASP	3	0.200 $±$ 0.017^b	0.160 $±$ 0.007^b	0.160 $±$ 0.012^c	0.110 $±$ 0.020^b
XHPWS-L	3	0.190 $±$ 0.018^b	0.160 $±$ 0.009^b	0.150 $±$ 0.016^c	0.120 $±$ 0.022^b
XHPWS-H	3	0.180 $±$ 0.015^b	0.190 $±$ 0.041^b	0.170 $±$ 0.036	0.130 $±$ 0.006^c

Table 3 Quantitative analysis of PI3K, AKT, NF-κB p65, NF-κB p-p65 for immunohistochemical staining (IOD/Area, $\bar{x}±s$)

Group	n	PI3K	AKT	NF-κB p65	NF-κB p-p65
Control	3	0.230 $±$ 0.018	0.180 $±$ 3.4×10^-17	0.180 $±$ 0.019	0.120 $±$ 0.012
Model	3	0.310 $±$ 0.045^a	0.280 $±$ 0.031^a	0.220 $±$ 0.015^a	0.170 $±$ 0.011^d
SASP	3	0.200 $±$ 0.017^b	0.160 $±$ 0.007^b	0.160 $±$ 0.012^c	0.110 $±$ 0.020^b
XHPWS-L	3	0.190 $±$ 0.018^b	0.160 $±$ 0.009^b	0.150 $±$ 0.016^c	0.120 $±$ 0.022^b
XHPWS-H	3	0.180 $±$ 0.015^b	0.190 $±$ 0.041^b	0.170 $±$ 0.036	0.130 $±$ 0.006^c

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Xiahuo Pingwei San (夏藿平胃散) attenuated intestinal inflammation in dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis mice through inhibiting the receptor for advanced glycation end-products signaling pathway

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