Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (1): 49-56.DOI: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.2025.01.005
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Antidepressive and anxiolytic effects of a combination of Saffron and Chamomile in rats and their relationship with serotonin using in vivo methods
Faiq Amin1, Saara Ahmad1(
), Muhammad Wasim2(), Asra Khan1, Fazal Manzoor Arain1, Zehra Batool3, Saiqa Tabassum4, Saima Khaliq5, Noreen Samad6, Saida Haider7
- 1 Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, the Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
2 Maternal and Children's Health Research Institute, Shunde Women and Children's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Foshan 528300, China
3 Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
4 Department of Biosciences, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
5 Department of Biochemistry, Federal Urdu University of Science, Arts and Technology, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
6 Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
7 Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
-
Received:2023-11-22Accepted:2024-05-15Online:2025-02-15Published:2025-01-10 -
Contact:Dr. Saara Ahmad, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, the Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan.saara_ahmad@hotmail.com ;saara.muddasir@aku.edu ; Dr. Muhammad Wasim, Maternal and Children's Health Research Institute, Shunde Women and Children's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Foshan 528300, China.mm.waseeemjee@gmail.com Telephone: +92-21-36642030; +92-334-3448258; +86-136-12624969 -
Supported by:the Higher Education Commission, Islamabad, Pakistan(9447/Sindh/NRPU/R&D/HEC/2017);Aga Khan University Dean’s Startup Fund, Role of Natural Remedies on Psycho-neurological Deficits in Murine Model as Preclinical Studies Associated with or without Diabetes(2017-2021)
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Faiq Amin, Saara Ahmad, Muhammad Wasim, Asra Khan, Fazal Manzoor Arain, Zehra Batool, Saiqa Tabassum, Saima Khaliq, Noreen Samad, Saida Haider. Antidepressive and anxiolytic effects of a combination of Saffron and Chamomile in rats and their relationship with serotonin using in vivo methods[J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025, 45(1): 49-56.
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Table 1 Biochemical and behavioral analyses ($\bar{x}±s$)
| Item | Healthy control (n = 6) | Disease control (n = 6) | Fluoxetine (n = 6) | Saffron (n = 6) | Chamomile (n = 6) | Saffron + chamomile (n = 6) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood glucose (mg/dL) | 92.80±10.11ab | 147.00±35.50 | 134.90±35.70 | 119.61±4.00 | 126.82±6.10 | 99.80±7.91a |
| FST (s) | 75.81±7.50abc | 31.82±4.70 | 42.01±4.30 | 67.05±6.02abc | 77.81±9.80ab | 96.13±4.71ab |
| Tryptophan (μg/mL) | 9.00±0.82a | 5.81±0.40 | 8.61±1.40a | 8.80±0.30a | 8.11±0.51a | 9.14±0.30a |
| CRP (ng/mL) | 1.80±0.40abc | 3.31±0.11 | 4.61±0.80ac | 5.30±0.11ac | 6.13±0.11ac | 7.42±0.31ab |
Table 1 Biochemical and behavioral analyses ($\bar{x}±s$)
| Item | Healthy control (n = 6) | Disease control (n = 6) | Fluoxetine (n = 6) | Saffron (n = 6) | Chamomile (n = 6) | Saffron + chamomile (n = 6) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood glucose (mg/dL) | 92.80±10.11ab | 147.00±35.50 | 134.90±35.70 | 119.61±4.00 | 126.82±6.10 | 99.80±7.91a |
| FST (s) | 75.81±7.50abc | 31.82±4.70 | 42.01±4.30 | 67.05±6.02abc | 77.81±9.80ab | 96.13±4.71ab |
| Tryptophan (μg/mL) | 9.00±0.82a | 5.81±0.40 | 8.61±1.40a | 8.80±0.30a | 8.11±0.51a | 9.14±0.30a |
| CRP (ng/mL) | 1.80±0.40abc | 3.31±0.11 | 4.61±0.80ac | 5.30±0.11ac | 6.13±0.11ac | 7.42±0.31ab |
Figure 1 Effects of treatments on EPMT parameters A: EPMT latency and time spent in open arms in seconds; B: EPMT number of entries in the open arms for all the groups. The animals were divided into six groups (n = 6): healthy control (standard chow and water), disease control (diabetic without treatment), positive control (diabetic with Fluoxetine 5 mg·kg-1·d-1), saffron group (diabetic with saffron 10 mg·kg-1·d-1), chamomile group (diabetic with chamomile 30 mg·kg-1·d-1), and combination group (diabetic with saffron 5 mg·kg-1·d-1 and chamomile 15 mg·kg-1·d-1). All treatments were administered via oral gavage, with decoctions prepared fresh daily. After three weeks of treatment duration, analysis performed. EPMT: elevated plus maze test; ANOVA: analysis of variance. The bar values in average and error bars are standard deviation. ANOVA followed by Tukey's test revealed statistically significant differences (P < 0.05), denoted by the following legends: aindicates comparison with the diseased control group, bindicates comparison with the fluoxetine group, and c indicates comparison with the combination of saffron and + chamomile group.
Figure 1 Effects of treatments on EPMT parameters A: EPMT latency and time spent in open arms in seconds; B: EPMT number of entries in the open arms for all the groups. The animals were divided into six groups (n = 6): healthy control (standard chow and water), disease control (diabetic without treatment), positive control (diabetic with Fluoxetine 5 mg·kg-1·d-1), saffron group (diabetic with saffron 10 mg·kg-1·d-1), chamomile group (diabetic with chamomile 30 mg·kg-1·d-1), and combination group (diabetic with saffron 5 mg·kg-1·d-1 and chamomile 15 mg·kg-1·d-1). All treatments were administered via oral gavage, with decoctions prepared fresh daily. After three weeks of treatment duration, analysis performed. EPMT: elevated plus maze test; ANOVA: analysis of variance. The bar values in average and error bars are standard deviation. ANOVA followed by Tukey's test revealed statistically significant differences (P < 0.05), denoted by the following legends: aindicates comparison with the diseased control group, bindicates comparison with the fluoxetine group, and c indicates comparison with the combination of saffron and + chamomile group.
Figure 2 5HT2C receptor expression in the cortex and hippocampus The animals were divided into six groups (n = 6): healthy control (standard chow and water), disease control (diabetic without treatment), positive control (diabetic with Fluoxetine 5 mg·kg-1·d-1), saffron group (diabetic with saffron 10 mg·kg-1·d-1), chamomile group (diabetic with chamomile 30 mg·kg-1·d-1), and combination group (diabetic with saffron 5 mg·kg-1·d-1 and chamomile 15 mg·kg-1·d-1). All treatments were administered via oral gavage, with decoctions prepared fresh daily. After three weeks of treatment duration, analysis performed. 5HT2C: 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C; ANOVA: analysis of variance. The bar values in average and error bars are standard deviation. ANOVA followed by Tukey's test revealed statistically significant differences (P < 0.05), denoted by the following legends: aindicates comparison with the diseased control group, b indicates comparison with the fluoxetine group, and c indicates comparison with the combination of saffron and + chamomile group.
Figure 2 5HT2C receptor expression in the cortex and hippocampus The animals were divided into six groups (n = 6): healthy control (standard chow and water), disease control (diabetic without treatment), positive control (diabetic with Fluoxetine 5 mg·kg-1·d-1), saffron group (diabetic with saffron 10 mg·kg-1·d-1), chamomile group (diabetic with chamomile 30 mg·kg-1·d-1), and combination group (diabetic with saffron 5 mg·kg-1·d-1 and chamomile 15 mg·kg-1·d-1). All treatments were administered via oral gavage, with decoctions prepared fresh daily. After three weeks of treatment duration, analysis performed. 5HT2C: 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C; ANOVA: analysis of variance. The bar values in average and error bars are standard deviation. ANOVA followed by Tukey's test revealed statistically significant differences (P < 0.05), denoted by the following legends: aindicates comparison with the diseased control group, b indicates comparison with the fluoxetine group, and c indicates comparison with the combination of saffron and + chamomile group.
Figure 3 BDNF expression in the cortex and hippocampus The animals were divided into six groups (n = 6): healthy control (standard chow and water), disease control (diabetic without treatment), positive control (diabetic with Fluoxetine 5 mg·kg-1·d-1), saffron group (diabetic with saffron 10 mg·kg-1·d-1), chamomile group (diabetic with chamomile 30 mg·kg-1·d-1), and combination group (diabetic with saffron 5 mg·kg-1·d-1 and chamomile 15 mg·kg-1·d-1). All treatments were administered via oral gavage, with decoctions prepared fresh daily. After three weeks of treatment duration, analysis performed. BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; The bar values in average and error bars are standard deviation. ANOVA followed by Tukey's test revealed statistically significant differences (P < 0.05), denoted by the following legends: aindicates comparison with the diseased control group, bindicates comparison with the fluoxetine group, and cindicates comparison with the combination of saffron and + chamomile group.
Figure 3 BDNF expression in the cortex and hippocampus The animals were divided into six groups (n = 6): healthy control (standard chow and water), disease control (diabetic without treatment), positive control (diabetic with Fluoxetine 5 mg·kg-1·d-1), saffron group (diabetic with saffron 10 mg·kg-1·d-1), chamomile group (diabetic with chamomile 30 mg·kg-1·d-1), and combination group (diabetic with saffron 5 mg·kg-1·d-1 and chamomile 15 mg·kg-1·d-1). All treatments were administered via oral gavage, with decoctions prepared fresh daily. After three weeks of treatment duration, analysis performed. BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; The bar values in average and error bars are standard deviation. ANOVA followed by Tukey's test revealed statistically significant differences (P < 0.05), denoted by the following legends: aindicates comparison with the diseased control group, bindicates comparison with the fluoxetine group, and cindicates comparison with the combination of saffron and + chamomile group.
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