Assessment of phytochemicals, antioxidant, anti-hemolytic, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer potential of flowers, leaves and stem extracts of Rosa arvensis

doi:10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.2024.04.001

Abstract

Abstract:

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate phytochemicals and in vitro biological potential of flowers, leaves and stem extracts of Rosa arvensis.

METHODS: Presence of twenty secondary metabolites was confirmed and then phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified spectrophotometrically. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy was conducted to ascertain functional groups and antioxidant potential was examined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, total antioxidant capacity and total reducing power assays. Human erythrocytes were used to assess anti-hemolytic activity and five bacterial strains were examined to determine antibacterial potential of plant extracts. Radish seeds were used to perform phytotoxic activity and cytotoxic potential was evaluated via brine shrimps and PC3 cell lines.

RESULTS: Highest phenolic contents were detected in the methanolic extract of Rosa arvensis flower (RAFM) [(151.635 ± 0.005) gallic acid equivalent mg/g] and highest flavonoid contents in the chloroform leaf extract (RALC) [(108.228 ± 0.004) quercetin equivalent mg/g]. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed the presence of wide range of functional groups. The antioxidant assays indicated highest DPPH scavenging activity [IC₅₀ (23.5 ± 0.6) μg/mL] in the methanolic stem extract (RASM), highest total antioxidant capacity [(265.1 ± 0.9) μg/mL] in RAFM and highest reducing potential [(209.9 ± 0.6) μg/mL] in leaf extract (RALM). Highest anti-hemolytic activity [(90.0 ± 0.5) μg/mL] was recorded in RAFM and brine shrimp cytotoxicity potential [(52.3 ± 0.3) μg/mL] in RASM. The antimicrobial activity was detected highest [(21.1 ± 0.5) mm inhibition zones] in RALM against Streptococcus aureus. In the end, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity results depicted less than 50 % inhibition in the methanolic extracts.

CONCLUSIONS: Our findings will be helpful in designing pharmaceutical regimens and therefore, more studies can be recommended to isolate and characterize compounds associated with the biological activities of Rosa arvensis.

Key words: anti-inflammatory agents, spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared, hemolysis, oxidative stress, PC-3 cells

Zubaria Tul Ain, Iram Fatima, Sana Naseer, Sobia Kanwal, Tariq Mahmood. Assessment of phytochemicals, antioxidant, anti-hemolytic, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer potential of flowers, leaves and stem extracts of Rosa arvensis[J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2024, 44(4): 804-812.

Figures/Tables 6

Table 1 Determination of various secondary metabolites in Rosa arvensis extracts

Phytochemical	Flower extract		Leaves extract		Stem extract
Phytochemical	Methanol	Chloroform	Methanol	Chloroform	Methanol	Chloroform
Phenols	+++	++	+++	++	+++	++
Flavonoids	++	+	+	++	+	+
Alkaloids	++	+++	+	+++	++	+++
Terpenoids	++	-	+	+	++	-
Saponins	+	++	+	++	+	++
Tannins	++	+	+	+	+++	+
Cardiac glycoside	-	++	-	+++	-	++
Steroids	+++	++	+++	++	+++	++
Glycosides	++	++	-	+	+	-
Phytosterols	+	+++	+	+++	++	+++
Coumarins	+++	+	++	+++	+++	++
Proteins	++	++	++	+++	+	+++
Carbohydrates	-	+	-	+	-	+
Anthocyanin	-	+	-	-	-	-
β-cyanin	+	-	+	++	+++	++
Anthraquinon	+	-	+	-	++	-
Fats and oils	++	+++	+++	+++	+++	+++
Quinone	+++	++	++	++	+++	++
Emodins	-	-	-	-	-	-
Phylobatanins	-	-	-	-	-	-

Table 2 Quantitative phytochemical analysis of R. arvensis flowers, leaves and stem extracts

Plant crude extract	TPC (Gallic Acid Eq. mg/g)	TFC (Quercetin Eq. mg/g)
RAFM	151.632±0. 005	107.091±0.032
RAFC	48.663±0.007	68.351±0.018
RALM	132.332±0.008	71.561±0.031
RALC	81.792±0.005	108.244±0.004
RASM	95.609±0.012	66.653±0.011
RASC	63.134±0.001	60.293±0.013

Figure 1 FTIR spectra of Rosa arvensis extracts A: flower extract; B: leaf extract; C: stem extract. FTIR: fourier-transform infrared.

Figure 2 TAC and TRP of selected Rosa arvensis extracts A: TAC of methanol extracts; B: TAC of chloroform extracts; C: TRP of methanol extracts; D: TRP of chloroform extracts. RAFM: Rosa arvensis flower methanolic extract; RALM: Rosa arvensis leaf methanolic extract; RASM: Rosa arvensis stem methanolic extract; RAFC: Rosa arvensis flower chloroform extract; RALC: Rosa arvensis leaf chloroform extract; RASC: Rosa arvensis stem chloroform extract. The results were stated as a mean ± standard deviation (n = 3).

Figure 3 Anti-hemolytic and antibacterial activity of selected plant extracts A: Antihemolytic activity of methanolic extracts; B: Antihemolytic activity of chloroform extracts; C: Antibacterial activity of methanolic extracts; D: Antibacterial activity of chloroform extracts. RAFM: Rosa arvensis flower methanolic extract; RALM: Rosa arvensis leaf methanolic extract; RASM: Rosa arvensis stem methanolic extract; RAFC: Rosa arvensis flower chloroform extract; RALC: Rosa arvensis leaf chloroform extract; RASC: Rosa arvensis stem chloroform extract. The results were stated as a mean ± standard deviation (n = 3).

Figure 4 Phytotoxicity analysis of Rosa arvensis extracts using different parameters of radish A: shoot length in methanolic extracts; B: shoot length in chloroform extracts; C: root length in methanolic extracts; D: root length in chloroform extracts; E: percentage seed germination in methanolic extracts; F: percentage seed germination in chloroform extracts. RAFM: Rosa arvensis flower methanolic extract; RALM: Rosa arvensis leaf methanolic extract; RASM: Rosa arvensis stem methanolic extract; RAFC: Rosa arvensis flower chloroform extract; RALC: Rosa arvensis leaf chloroform extract; RASC: Rosa arvensis stem chloroform extract.

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