Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (3): 517-529.DOI: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.2026.03.001
• Original Articles • Next Articles
Activation of the nucleus nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 via ghrelin/growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a signaling by Yueju pill (越鞠丸) confers cardioprotective and antidepressant effects
JING Yunjia1, YE Zhaoyi2, ZHU Yan1, GAO Xin3, CHEN Xi2, WANG Kaixuan2, HUANG Dafeng1, HU Yue2, JIANG Jiancong1(
)
- 1
Cardiovascular Division ,Yixing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Yixing 214299, China
2School of Integrative Medicine ,Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023, China
3Cardiovascular Division ,Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210014, China
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Received:2025-01-07Accepted:2025-08-29Online:2026-06-15Published:2026-06-08 -
Contact:Prof. JIANG Jiancong, Cardiovascular Division, Yixing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Yixing 214299, China. 15371072272@163.com,Telephone: +86-510-87927059 -
Supported by:Yixing City Outstanding Medical Talent Award: To Explore the Regulation of Ghrelin by Yueju Pill and its Similar Prescriptions Based on the Simultaneous Treatment of Heart and Brain Theory(Q202354)
Cite this article
JING Yunjia, YE Zhaoyi, ZHU Yan, GAO Xin, CHEN Xi, WANG Kaixuan, HUANG Dafeng, HU Yue, JIANG Jiancong. Activation of the nucleus nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 via ghrelin/growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a signaling by Yueju pill (越鞠丸) confers cardioprotective and antidepressant effects[J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2026, 46(3): 517-529.
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Figure 1 YJP effectively ameliorates cardiac dysfunction in CHF mice A: representative echocardiograms of mice with heart failure treated with or without YJP or with fluoxetine only; B: changes of LVESD; C: changes of LVEDD; D: changes of LVEF; E: changes of LVFS; F: representative photomicrographs of Masson’s trichrome staining in the myocardium; G: representative photomicrographs of HE staining in the myocardium; H: representative western blot of collagen I and III expressions in the myocardium; I: changes in collagen I expressions; J: changes in collagen III expressions. A1, F1, G1: Sham group; A2, F2, G2: Model group; A3, F3, G3: YJP-L group; A4, F4, G4: YJP-H group; A5, F5, G5: Fluoxetine group. Sham: sham operated; YJP-L: the mice received YJP at a dose of 180 mg/kg once every day for 2 weeks; YJP-H: the mice received YJP at a dose of 360 mg/kg once every day for 2 weeks; Fluoxetine: the mice received fluoxetine at a dose of 18 mg/kg once every day for 2 weeks. YJP: Yueju pill; LVESD: left ventricular end systolic diameter; LVEDD: left ventricular end diastolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fractions; LVFS: left ventricular fractional shortening; HE: hematoxylin and eosin. Results are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (n = 10). Statistical analyses were measured by using one-way analysis of variance. aP < 0.01 versus Sham group, bP < 0.05 versus Model group.
Figure 1 YJP effectively ameliorates cardiac dysfunction in CHF mice A: representative echocardiograms of mice with heart failure treated with or without YJP or with fluoxetine only; B: changes of LVESD; C: changes of LVEDD; D: changes of LVEF; E: changes of LVFS; F: representative photomicrographs of Masson’s trichrome staining in the myocardium; G: representative photomicrographs of HE staining in the myocardium; H: representative western blot of collagen I and III expressions in the myocardium; I: changes in collagen I expressions; J: changes in collagen III expressions. A1, F1, G1: Sham group; A2, F2, G2: Model group; A3, F3, G3: YJP-L group; A4, F4, G4: YJP-H group; A5, F5, G5: Fluoxetine group. Sham: sham operated; YJP-L: the mice received YJP at a dose of 180 mg/kg once every day for 2 weeks; YJP-H: the mice received YJP at a dose of 360 mg/kg once every day for 2 weeks; Fluoxetine: the mice received fluoxetine at a dose of 18 mg/kg once every day for 2 weeks. YJP: Yueju pill; LVESD: left ventricular end systolic diameter; LVEDD: left ventricular end diastolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fractions; LVFS: left ventricular fractional shortening; HE: hematoxylin and eosin. Results are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (n = 10). Statistical analyses were measured by using one-way analysis of variance. aP < 0.01 versus Sham group, bP < 0.05 versus Model group.
Figure 2 YJP improves cardiac function by activating NRF2 in the nuclei of mice with heart failure-induced depression A: representative Nissl staining in the hippocampal CA1 region; A1: Sham group; A2: Model group; A3: YJP-L group; A4: YJP-H group; A5: Fluoxetine group; B: quantification of neuronal cells in the hippocampus; C: representative Golgi staining in the hippocampus; D: spine density changes in the hippocampal CA3 region; E:representative immunofluorescence staining of NRF2 expression in the myocardium; E1: NRF2 expression in the Sham group; E2: NRF2 expression in the Model group; E3: NRF2 expression in the YJP-L group; E4: NRF2 expression in the YJP-H group; E5: DAPI nuclear staining in the Sham group;E6: DAPI nuclear staining in the Model group; E7: DAPI nuclear staining in the YJP-L group; E8: DAPI nuclear staining in the YJP-H group; E9: merge image of NRF2 and DAPI in the Sham group; E10: merge image of NRF2 and DAPI in the Model group; E11: merge image of NRF2 and DAPI in the YJP-L group; E12: merge image of NRF2 and DAPI in the YJP-H group; F: expressions of NRF2 in the myocardium; G: representative western blot of NRF2, HO1, and NQO1 expression in the myocardium; H: quantification of NRF2 proteins in the myocardium; I: quantification of HO1 proteins in the myocardium; J: quantification of NQO1 proteins in the myocardium. Sham: sham operated; YJP-L: the mice received YJP at a dose of 180 mg/kg once every day for 2 weeks; YJP-H: the mice received YJP at a dose of 360 mg/kg once every day for 2 weeks; Fluoxetine: the mice received fluoxetine at a dose of 18 mg/kg once every day for 2 weeks. YJP: Yueju pill; NRF2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; HO1: heme oxygenase 1; NQO1: NAD (P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1. Results are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (n = 10). Statistical analyses were measured by using one-way analysis of variance. aP < 0.01 versus Sham group; bP < 0.05 versus Model group.
Figure 2 YJP improves cardiac function by activating NRF2 in the nuclei of mice with heart failure-induced depression A: representative Nissl staining in the hippocampal CA1 region; A1: Sham group; A2: Model group; A3: YJP-L group; A4: YJP-H group; A5: Fluoxetine group; B: quantification of neuronal cells in the hippocampus; C: representative Golgi staining in the hippocampus; D: spine density changes in the hippocampal CA3 region; E:representative immunofluorescence staining of NRF2 expression in the myocardium; E1: NRF2 expression in the Sham group; E2: NRF2 expression in the Model group; E3: NRF2 expression in the YJP-L group; E4: NRF2 expression in the YJP-H group; E5: DAPI nuclear staining in the Sham group;E6: DAPI nuclear staining in the Model group; E7: DAPI nuclear staining in the YJP-L group; E8: DAPI nuclear staining in the YJP-H group; E9: merge image of NRF2 and DAPI in the Sham group; E10: merge image of NRF2 and DAPI in the Model group; E11: merge image of NRF2 and DAPI in the YJP-L group; E12: merge image of NRF2 and DAPI in the YJP-H group; F: expressions of NRF2 in the myocardium; G: representative western blot of NRF2, HO1, and NQO1 expression in the myocardium; H: quantification of NRF2 proteins in the myocardium; I: quantification of HO1 proteins in the myocardium; J: quantification of NQO1 proteins in the myocardium. Sham: sham operated; YJP-L: the mice received YJP at a dose of 180 mg/kg once every day for 2 weeks; YJP-H: the mice received YJP at a dose of 360 mg/kg once every day for 2 weeks; Fluoxetine: the mice received fluoxetine at a dose of 18 mg/kg once every day for 2 weeks. YJP: Yueju pill; NRF2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; HO1: heme oxygenase 1; NQO1: NAD (P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1. Results are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (n = 10). Statistical analyses were measured by using one-way analysis of variance. aP < 0.01 versus Sham group; bP < 0.05 versus Model group.
Figure 3 YJP activates NRF2/BDNF signaling to protect against heart failure-induced depressive-like behaviors A: representative immunofluorescence staining of NRF2 in the hippocampus.A1: NRF2 expression in the Sham group; A2: NRF2 expression in the Model group; A3: NRF2 expression in the YJP-L group; A4: NRF2 expression in the YJP-H group; A5: NEUN staining in the Sham group; A6: NEUN staining in the Model group; A7: NEUN staining in the YJP-L group; A8: NEUN staining in the YJP-H group;A9: DAPI nuclear staining in the Sham group; A10: DAPI nuclear staining in the Model group; A11: DAPI nuclear staining in the YJP-L group; A12: DAPI nuclear staining in the YJP-H group; A13 merge image in the Sham group; A14: merge image in the Model group; A15: merge image in the YJP-L group; A16: merge image in the YJP-H group; A17: magnified merge of panel A13; A18: magnified merge of panel A14; A19: magnified merge of panel A15; A20: magnified merge of panel A16; B: expressions of NRF2 in the hippocampus; C: representative western blot of NRF2, HO1, and NQO1 expression in the hippocampus; D: expressions of NRF2 in the hippocampus; E: expressions of HO1 in the hippocampus; F: expressions of NQO1 in the hippocampus. G: representative Western blot of PSD-95 and SYP in the hippocampus; H: expressions of PSD-95 in the hippocampus; I: expressions of SYP in the hippocampus; J: representative western blot of BDNF expression in the hippocampus; K: expressions of BDNF in the hippocampus; L: representative quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction of BDNF mRNA in the hippocampus. Sham: sham operated; YJP-L: the mice received YJP at a dose of 180 mg/kg once every day for 2 weeks; YJP-H: the mice received YJP at a dose of 360 mg/kg once every day for 2 weeks. YJP: Yueju pill; NRF2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; HO1: heme oxygenase 1; NQO1: NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1; PSD-95: disks large homolog 4; SYP: synaptophysin; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Results are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (n = 10). Statistical analyses were measured by using one-way analysis of variance. aP < 0.01 versus Sham group; bP < 0.05 versus Model group.
Figure 3 YJP activates NRF2/BDNF signaling to protect against heart failure-induced depressive-like behaviors A: representative immunofluorescence staining of NRF2 in the hippocampus.A1: NRF2 expression in the Sham group; A2: NRF2 expression in the Model group; A3: NRF2 expression in the YJP-L group; A4: NRF2 expression in the YJP-H group; A5: NEUN staining in the Sham group; A6: NEUN staining in the Model group; A7: NEUN staining in the YJP-L group; A8: NEUN staining in the YJP-H group;A9: DAPI nuclear staining in the Sham group; A10: DAPI nuclear staining in the Model group; A11: DAPI nuclear staining in the YJP-L group; A12: DAPI nuclear staining in the YJP-H group; A13 merge image in the Sham group; A14: merge image in the Model group; A15: merge image in the YJP-L group; A16: merge image in the YJP-H group; A17: magnified merge of panel A13; A18: magnified merge of panel A14; A19: magnified merge of panel A15; A20: magnified merge of panel A16; B: expressions of NRF2 in the hippocampus; C: representative western blot of NRF2, HO1, and NQO1 expression in the hippocampus; D: expressions of NRF2 in the hippocampus; E: expressions of HO1 in the hippocampus; F: expressions of NQO1 in the hippocampus. G: representative Western blot of PSD-95 and SYP in the hippocampus; H: expressions of PSD-95 in the hippocampus; I: expressions of SYP in the hippocampus; J: representative western blot of BDNF expression in the hippocampus; K: expressions of BDNF in the hippocampus; L: representative quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction of BDNF mRNA in the hippocampus. Sham: sham operated; YJP-L: the mice received YJP at a dose of 180 mg/kg once every day for 2 weeks; YJP-H: the mice received YJP at a dose of 360 mg/kg once every day for 2 weeks. YJP: Yueju pill; NRF2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; HO1: heme oxygenase 1; NQO1: NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1; PSD-95: disks large homolog 4; SYP: synaptophysin; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Results are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (n = 10). Statistical analyses were measured by using one-way analysis of variance. aP < 0.01 versus Sham group; bP < 0.05 versus Model group.
Figure 4 YJP activates ghrelin/ GHS-R 1a signaling in the myocardium and hippocampus of mice with heart failure A: expressions of HO1 in the hippocampus; B: expressions of HO1 in the myocardium; C: expressions of NQO1 in the hippocampus; D:expressions of NQO1 in the myocardium; E: representative Western blot of collagen I and III expressions in the myocardium; F: changes in collagen I expressions; G: changes in collagen III expressions; H: representative Golgi staining in the hippocampus; I: changes in spine density in the hippocampus; J: results of the SPT; K: results of the TST; L: results of the FST. Sham: sham operated; YJP-H: the mice received YJP at a dose of 360 mg/kg once every day for 2 weeks; D-Lys3 GHRP-6: the mice received D-Lys3-GHRP-6 at a dose of 9 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection once every day for 2 weeks. YJP: Yueju pill; HO1: heme oxygenase 1; NQO1: NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1; SPT: sucrose preference test; TST: tail suspension test; FST: forced swimming test; GHS-R1a: growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a. Results are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (n = 10). Statistical analyses were subjected to one- and two-way analysis of variance. aP < 0.01 versus Model + YJP-H group.
Figure 4 YJP activates ghrelin/ GHS-R 1a signaling in the myocardium and hippocampus of mice with heart failure A: expressions of HO1 in the hippocampus; B: expressions of HO1 in the myocardium; C: expressions of NQO1 in the hippocampus; D:expressions of NQO1 in the myocardium; E: representative Western blot of collagen I and III expressions in the myocardium; F: changes in collagen I expressions; G: changes in collagen III expressions; H: representative Golgi staining in the hippocampus; I: changes in spine density in the hippocampus; J: results of the SPT; K: results of the TST; L: results of the FST. Sham: sham operated; YJP-H: the mice received YJP at a dose of 360 mg/kg once every day for 2 weeks; D-Lys3 GHRP-6: the mice received D-Lys3-GHRP-6 at a dose of 9 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection once every day for 2 weeks. YJP: Yueju pill; HO1: heme oxygenase 1; NQO1: NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1; SPT: sucrose preference test; TST: tail suspension test; FST: forced swimming test; GHS-R1a: growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a. Results are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (n = 10). Statistical analyses were subjected to one- and two-way analysis of variance. aP < 0.01 versus Model + YJP-H group.
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