Development and evaluation of short form of constitution in Chinese medicine questionnaire: a national epidemiological survey data of 21 948 cases

doi:10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.20211228.001

Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine ›› 2022, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (1): 122-131.DOI: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.20211228.001

• Research Articles • Previous Articles Next Articles

Development and evaluation of short form of constitution in Chinese medicine questionnaire: a national epidemiological survey data of 21 948 cases

Minghua BAI¹, Wendy WONG², Shujuan HOU³, Yanfei ZHENG³, Qianru LI³, ZhuQing LI³, Yan ZHANG³, Lingru LI³, Ji WANG³(), Qi WANG³()

1 School of Traditional Chinese Medicine/National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
2 School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Institute of Integrative Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 852, China
3 National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China

Received:2021-02-20 Accepted:2021-05-31 Online:2021-12-28 Published:2021-12-28
Contact: Ji WANG,Qi WANG
About author:WANG Qi, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine/National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China. wangqi710@126.com
WANG Ji, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine/National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China. doctorwang2009@126.com;
Supported by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Research on elderly psychosomatic health assessment system and service mode based on TCM body constitution identification and multi-modal technology)(2020YFC2003100);Project entrusted by Beijing Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine “Preventive Treatment of Disease” Health Project), 2019 Basic Scientific Research Expenses Project of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine(Development and preliminary application of Short-form of constitution in Chinese medicine questionnaire based on classical and modern test theory)(2019-JYB-XS-031)

Abstract

Abstract:

OBJECTIVE: To develop the best short form of constitution in Chinese medicine questionnaire (CCMQ) and evaluate its psychometric properties in Chinese population.

METHODS: A total of 21 948 subjects were used to refine the short form. Correlation coefficient, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were used to analyze and select items to form the short form. Separate sample of 205 subjects were collected to further evaluate the short from. EFA, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), item-scale correlation, discriminant validity, internal consistency reliability and split-half reliability were carried out to evaluate the short form.

RESULTS: The short form CCMQ included 26 items. Seven common factors of characteristic root > 1 were extracted to explain 58.488% of the total variation. Result of CFA was consistent with the 9-factors structure. The mean differences of Blood-stasis body constitution and Qi-stagnation body constitution had statistical significance in body mass index differentiation. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of short form CCMQ was 0.863. The split-half reliability of total scale was 0.813, and each scale was 0.568-0.770. The item-scale correlations ranged from 0.620-0.849.

CONCLUSION: The short form CCMQ consisted of 26 items with good psychometric properties. The short form should be recommended for the measurement of health of Chinese population in any clinical trial.

Key words: constitution in Chinese medicine questionnaire, form, scale evaluation, reproducibility of results

Minghua BAI, Wendy WONG, Shujuan HOU, Yanfei ZHENG, Qianru LI, ZhuQing LI, Yan ZHANG, Lingru LI, Ji WANG, Qi WANG. Development and evaluation of short form of constitution in Chinese medicine questionnaire: a national epidemiological survey data of 21 948 cases[J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2022, 42(1): 122-131.

Figures/Tables 6

References 56

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Scale	Item of original scale (CCMQ)	Correlation coefficient with BC scale score		Factor loading affiliated BC scale		Cronbach’s alpha coefficient after remove the item	Final items were selected
Gentleness	(1) Were you energetic?	0612^b	√	0.652	√	0.458		√
	(2) Did you get tired easily?	0641^b	√	0.706	√	0.329		√
	(7) Was your voice weak when talking?	0584^b		0.616		0.323
	(8) Did you feel in low spirits and depressed?	0.599^b		0.627	√	-0.147	√	√
	(21) Did you feel more vulnerable to the cold than others (winter coldness, air conditioners, fans, etc.)?	0.501^b		0.488		-0.157	√
	(27) Did you forget things easily?	0.567^b		0.547		-0.202
	(53) Could you adapt yourself to external natural or social environment changes?	0.441^b		0.31		0.016	√
	(54) Did you easily experience insomnia?	0.613^b	√	0.586		0.316
Qi-deficiency	(2) Did you get tired easily?	0653^b	√	0.679	√	0.727	√	√
	(3) Did you experience shortness of breath?	0.673^b	√	0.72	√	0.723	√	√
	(4) Did you get palpitations?	0.688^b	√	0.732	√	0.72	√	√
	(5) Did you get dizzy easily or become dizzy when standing up?	0.647^b		0.654		0.731
	(6) Did you prefer quietness and not like to talk?	0.603^b		0.57		0.746
	(7) Was your voice weak when talking?	0.639^b		0.652		0.73
	(22) Did you catch colds more easily than others?	0.579^b		0.515		0.756
	(26) Did you sweat easily when your physical activity increased slightly?	0.458^b		0.403		0.764
Yang-deficiency	(17) Did your hands or feet feel cold or clammy?	0.455^b		0.457		0.726
	(18) Did you feel cold easily in your abdomen, back, lower back or knees?	0.631^b	√	0.639		0.693
	(19) Were you sensitive to cold and tended to wear more clothes than others?	0.718^b	√	0.73	√	0.667	√	√
	(21) Did you feel more vulnerable to the cold than others (winter coldness, air conditioners, fans, etc.)?	0.518^b		0.544		0.707
	(22) Did you catch colds more easily than others?	0.742^b	√	0.701	√	0.677	√	√
	(52) Did you feel uncomfortable when you drank or ate something cold, or did you avoid to drinking or eating cold items?	0.614^b		0.642	√	0.692	√	√
	(55) Did you easily contract diarrhea when you were exposed to cold or ate (or drank) something cold?	0.538^b		0.571		0.706
Yin-deficiency	(16) Did the palms of your hands or soles of your feet feel hot?	0.606^b	√	0.631	√	0.68	√	√
	(20) Did your body and face feel hot?	0.574^b		0.543		0.697
	(29) Were your lips redder than in the past?	0.480^b		0.435		0.714
	(35) Did your skin or lips feel dry?	0.600^b		0.584		0.689
	(38) Did you experience hot flashes?	0.506^b		0.51		0.7
	(44) Did your eyes feel dry and you used eye drops?	0.644^b	√	0.668	√	0.672	√	√
	(46) Did you often feel parched and need to drink water?	0.666^b	√	0.697	√	0.665	√	√
	(57) Did you get constipated easily or have dry stools?	0.566^b		0.566		0.691
Phlegm-dampness	(13) Did you feel chest or abdominal stuffiness?	0.499^b		0.499		0.667
	(15) Did your body feel heavy or lethargic?	0.567^b		0.573		0.653
	(28) Did you have an excessively oily forehead and/or T-zone?	0.581^b	√	0.601	√	0.647	√	√
	(42) Did you have upper eyelid swelling?	0.572^b		0.583	√	0.65	√	√
	(49) Did your mouth feel sticky?	0.643^b	√	0.686	√	0.629	√	√
	(50) Was your abdomen flabby?	0.505^b		0.435		0.682
	(51) Did you have an abundance of phlegm, especially in your throat?	0.574^b	√	0.57		0.651
	(58) Did your tongue have a thick coating?	0.547^b		0.534		0.659
Damp-heat	(39) Did your nose or your face feel greasy, oily, or shiny?	0.050^b		0.593		0.641
	(41) Did you get acne or sores easily?	0.054^b	√	0.599		0.632	√	√
	(48) Did you have a bitter or strange taste in your mouth?	0.035^b		0.603		0.644
	(56) Did you pass sticky stools and/or feel that your bowel movement was incomplete?	0.061^b	√	0.643	√	0.632	√	√
	(59) Did your urethral canal feel hot when you urinated, or did your urine have a dark color?	0.052^b	√	0.637	√	0.639		√
	(60) Was your vaginal discharge yellowish (only for female interviewees)? /Was your scrotum always wet (only for male interviewees)?	0.040^b		0.658	√	0.629	√	√
Blood-stasis	(27) Did you forget things easily?	0.528^b		0.462		0.698
	(33) Did black or purple bruises appear on your skin for no reason?	0.508^b		0.514		0.685
	(36) Did you have visible capillary (thread) veins on your cheeks?	0.604^b		0.581		0.676
	(37) Did you feel pain somewhere in your body?	0.588^b		0.572		0.672
	(40) Did you have a dark face or get brown spots easily?	0.696^b	√	0.739	√	0.634	√	√
	(43) Did you get dark circles under the eyes easily?	0.621^b	√	0.635	√	0.663	√	√
	(45) Were your lips darker, more blue or purple than usual?	0.656^b	√	0.688	√	0.649	√	√
Qi-stagnation	(8) Did you feel in low spirit sand depressed?	0.606^b		0.564		0.78
	(9) Did you easily feel anxious and worried?	0.741^b	√	0.775	√	0.74	√	√
	(10) Did you feel overly sensitive, vulnerable or emotionally upset?	0.761^b	√	0.798	√	0.735	√	√
	(11) Were you easily scared or frightened?	0.737^b	√	0.764	√	0.743	√	√
	(12) Did you experience distention in the underarm or breast?	0.708^b		0.732		0.749
	(14) Did you sigh without reason?	0.573^b		0.544		0.778
	(47) Did your throat feel strange (i.e., as if something was stuck or there was a lump in your throat)?	0.539^b		0.466		0.795
Special-diathesis	(23) Did you sneeze even when you did not have a cold?	0.569^b		0.505		0.708
	(24) Did you have a runny or stuffy nose even when you did not have a cold?	0.630^b	√	0.596		0.684
	(25) Did you cough due to seasonal changes, temperature changes or unpleasant odors?	0.622^b		0.603		0.682	√
	(30) Did you have allergies? (E.g. medicine, food, odors, pollen, pet dander or during seasonal or weather change etc.)	0.649^b	√	0.688	√	0.673	√	√
	(31) Did you get hives/urticaria easily?	0.643^b	√	0.692	√	0.674	√	√
	(32) Did your skin have purpura (purple spots, ecchymosis) due to allergies?	0.565^b		0.629	√	0.691
	(34) Did your skin turn red and show traces when you scratched it?	0.624^b		0.595		0.695

Scale	Item of original scale (CCMQ)	Correlation coefficient with BC scale score		Factor loading affiliated BC scale		Cronbach’s alpha coefficient after remove the item	Final items were selected
Gentleness	(1) Were you energetic?	0612^b	√	0.652	√	0.458		√
	(2) Did you get tired easily?	0641^b	√	0.706	√	0.329		√
	(7) Was your voice weak when talking?	0584^b		0.616		0.323
	(8) Did you feel in low spirits and depressed?	0.599^b		0.627	√	-0.147	√	√
	(21) Did you feel more vulnerable to the cold than others (winter coldness, air conditioners, fans, etc.)?	0.501^b		0.488		-0.157	√
	(27) Did you forget things easily?	0.567^b		0.547		-0.202
	(53) Could you adapt yourself to external natural or social environment changes?	0.441^b		0.31		0.016	√
	(54) Did you easily experience insomnia?	0.613^b	√	0.586		0.316
Qi-deficiency	(2) Did you get tired easily?	0653^b	√	0.679	√	0.727	√	√
	(3) Did you experience shortness of breath?	0.673^b	√	0.72	√	0.723	√	√
	(4) Did you get palpitations?	0.688^b	√	0.732	√	0.72	√	√
	(5) Did you get dizzy easily or become dizzy when standing up?	0.647^b		0.654		0.731
	(6) Did you prefer quietness and not like to talk?	0.603^b		0.57		0.746
	(7) Was your voice weak when talking?	0.639^b		0.652		0.73
	(22) Did you catch colds more easily than others?	0.579^b		0.515		0.756
	(26) Did you sweat easily when your physical activity increased slightly?	0.458^b		0.403		0.764
Yang-deficiency	(17) Did your hands or feet feel cold or clammy?	0.455^b		0.457		0.726
	(18) Did you feel cold easily in your abdomen, back, lower back or knees?	0.631^b	√	0.639		0.693
	(19) Were you sensitive to cold and tended to wear more clothes than others?	0.718^b	√	0.73	√	0.667	√	√
	(21) Did you feel more vulnerable to the cold than others (winter coldness, air conditioners, fans, etc.)?	0.518^b		0.544		0.707
	(22) Did you catch colds more easily than others?	0.742^b	√	0.701	√	0.677	√	√
	(52) Did you feel uncomfortable when you drank or ate something cold, or did you avoid to drinking or eating cold items?	0.614^b		0.642	√	0.692	√	√
	(55) Did you easily contract diarrhea when you were exposed to cold or ate (or drank) something cold?	0.538^b		0.571		0.706
Yin-deficiency	(16) Did the palms of your hands or soles of your feet feel hot?	0.606^b	√	0.631	√	0.68	√	√
	(20) Did your body and face feel hot?	0.574^b		0.543		0.697
	(29) Were your lips redder than in the past?	0.480^b		0.435		0.714
	(35) Did your skin or lips feel dry?	0.600^b		0.584		0.689
	(38) Did you experience hot flashes?	0.506^b		0.51		0.7
	(44) Did your eyes feel dry and you used eye drops?	0.644^b	√	0.668	√	0.672	√	√
	(46) Did you often feel parched and need to drink water?	0.666^b	√	0.697	√	0.665	√	√
	(57) Did you get constipated easily or have dry stools?	0.566^b		0.566		0.691
Phlegm-dampness	(13) Did you feel chest or abdominal stuffiness?	0.499^b		0.499		0.667
	(15) Did your body feel heavy or lethargic?	0.567^b		0.573		0.653
	(28) Did you have an excessively oily forehead and/or T-zone?	0.581^b	√	0.601	√	0.647	√	√
	(42) Did you have upper eyelid swelling?	0.572^b		0.583	√	0.65	√	√
	(49) Did your mouth feel sticky?	0.643^b	√	0.686	√	0.629	√	√
	(50) Was your abdomen flabby?	0.505^b		0.435		0.682
	(51) Did you have an abundance of phlegm, especially in your throat?	0.574^b	√	0.57		0.651
	(58) Did your tongue have a thick coating?	0.547^b		0.534		0.659
Damp-heat	(39) Did your nose or your face feel greasy, oily, or shiny?	0.050^b		0.593		0.641
	(41) Did you get acne or sores easily?	0.054^b	√	0.599		0.632	√	√
	(48) Did you have a bitter or strange taste in your mouth?	0.035^b		0.603		0.644
	(56) Did you pass sticky stools and/or feel that your bowel movement was incomplete?	0.061^b	√	0.643	√	0.632	√	√
	(59) Did your urethral canal feel hot when you urinated, or did your urine have a dark color?	0.052^b	√	0.637	√	0.639		√
	(60) Was your vaginal discharge yellowish (only for female interviewees)? /Was your scrotum always wet (only for male interviewees)?	0.040^b		0.658	√	0.629	√	√
Blood-stasis	(27) Did you forget things easily?	0.528^b		0.462		0.698
	(33) Did black or purple bruises appear on your skin for no reason?	0.508^b		0.514		0.685
	(36) Did you have visible capillary (thread) veins on your cheeks?	0.604^b		0.581		0.676
	(37) Did you feel pain somewhere in your body?	0.588^b		0.572		0.672
	(40) Did you have a dark face or get brown spots easily?	0.696^b	√	0.739	√	0.634	√	√
	(43) Did you get dark circles under the eyes easily?	0.621^b	√	0.635	√	0.663	√	√
	(45) Were your lips darker, more blue or purple than usual?	0.656^b	√	0.688	√	0.649	√	√
Qi-stagnation	(8) Did you feel in low spirit sand depressed?	0.606^b		0.564		0.78
	(9) Did you easily feel anxious and worried?	0.741^b	√	0.775	√	0.74	√	√
	(10) Did you feel overly sensitive, vulnerable or emotionally upset?	0.761^b	√	0.798	√	0.735	√	√
	(11) Were you easily scared or frightened?	0.737^b	√	0.764	√	0.743	√	√
	(12) Did you experience distention in the underarm or breast?	0.708^b		0.732		0.749
	(14) Did you sigh without reason?	0.573^b		0.544		0.778
	(47) Did your throat feel strange (i.e., as if something was stuck or there was a lump in your throat)?	0.539^b		0.466		0.795
Special-diathesis	(23) Did you sneeze even when you did not have a cold?	0.569^b		0.505		0.708
	(24) Did you have a runny or stuffy nose even when you did not have a cold?	0.630^b	√	0.596		0.684
	(25) Did you cough due to seasonal changes, temperature changes or unpleasant odors?	0.622^b		0.603		0.682	√
	(30) Did you have allergies? (E.g. medicine, food, odors, pollen, pet dander or during seasonal or weather change etc.)	0.649^b	√	0.688	√	0.673	√	√
	(31) Did you get hives/urticaria easily?	0.643^b	√	0.692	√	0.674	√	√
	(32) Did your skin have purpura (purple spots, ecchymosis) due to allergies?	0.565^b		0.629	√	0.691
	(34) Did your skin turn red and show traces when you scratched it?	0.624^b		0.595		0.695

Body constitution	Component	Initial eigenvalues			Extraction sums of squared loadings
Body constitution	Component	Total	% of Variance	Cumulative %		Total	% of Variance	Cumulative %
Gentleness	1	1.660	55.345	55.345	1.660		55.345	55.345
	2	0.745	24.832	80.177
	3	0.595	19.823	100.000
Qi-deficiency	1	1.634	54.475	54.475	1.634		54.475	54.475
	2	0.853	28.424	82.900
	3	0.513	17.100	100.00
Yang-deficiency	1	1.743	58.106	58.106	1.743		58.106	58.106
	2	0.776	25.883	83.988
	3	0.480	16.012	100.000
Yin-deficiency	1	1.531	51.024	51.024	1.531		51.024	51.024
	2	0.843	28.111	79.136
	3	0.626	20.864	100.000
Phlegm-dampness	1	1.523	50.756	50.756	1.523		50.756	50.756
	2	0.851	28.359	79.115
	3	0.627	20.885	100.000
Damp-heat	1	1.955	48.887	48.887	1.955		48.887	48.887
	2	0.841	21.030	69.917
	3	0.655	16.386	86.304
	4	0.548	13.696	100.000
Blood-stasis	1	1.598	53.280	53.280	1.598		53.280	53.280
	2	0.874	29.126	82.406
	3	0.528	17.594	100.000
Qi-stagnation	1	2.066	68.855	68.855	2.066		68.855	68.855
	2	0.500	16.680	85.536
	3	0.434	14.464	100.000
Special-diathesis	1	1.137	56.847	56.847	1.137		56.847	56.847
Special-diathesis	2	0.863	43.153	100.000

Body constitution	Component	Initial eigenvalues			Extraction sums of squared loadings
Body constitution	Component	Total	% of Variance	Cumulative %		Total	% of Variance	Cumulative %
Gentleness	1	1.660	55.345	55.345	1.660		55.345	55.345
	2	0.745	24.832	80.177
	3	0.595	19.823	100.000
Qi-deficiency	1	1.634	54.475	54.475	1.634		54.475	54.475
	2	0.853	28.424	82.900
	3	0.513	17.100	100.00
Yang-deficiency	1	1.743	58.106	58.106	1.743		58.106	58.106
	2	0.776	25.883	83.988
	3	0.480	16.012	100.000
Yin-deficiency	1	1.531	51.024	51.024	1.531		51.024	51.024
	2	0.843	28.111	79.136
	3	0.626	20.864	100.000
Phlegm-dampness	1	1.523	50.756	50.756	1.523		50.756	50.756
	2	0.851	28.359	79.115
	3	0.627	20.885	100.000
Damp-heat	1	1.955	48.887	48.887	1.955		48.887	48.887
	2	0.841	21.030	69.917
	3	0.655	16.386	86.304
	4	0.548	13.696	100.000
Blood-stasis	1	1.598	53.280	53.280	1.598		53.280	53.280
	2	0.874	29.126	82.406
	3	0.528	17.594	100.000
Qi-stagnation	1	2.066	68.855	68.855	2.066		68.855	68.855
	2	0.500	16.680	85.536
	3	0.434	14.464	100.000
Special-diathesis	1	1.137	56.847	56.847	1.137		56.847	56.847
Special-diathesis	2	0.863	43.153	100.000

Scale	Items of original scale (CCMQ)^a	Variable code in EFA	EFA of short form CCMQ		CFA of short form CCMQ
Scale	Items of original scale (CCMQ)^a	Variable code in EFA	Factor loading in the total scale^b	Factor loading of item in each BC	Factor loading	R²		Pearson correlation with affiliated BC			P value (two-tailed)
Gentleness	(1) Were you energetic?	I1GTC1	–0.467	0.681	0.380	0.144		0.754			<0.001
	(2) Did you get tired easily?	I2GTC2 (I2QDC1)	0.572	0.769	–0.420		0.176		0.720	<0.001
	(8) Did you feel in low spirit sand depressed?	I5GTC3	0.756	0.779	0.700		0.490		0.750	<0.001
Qi-deficiency	(2) Did you get tired easily?	I2GTC2 (I2QDC1)	0.572	0.555	–0.050		0.003		0.620	<0.001
	(3) Did you experience shortness of breath?	I3QDC2	0.711	0.811	0.540		0.292		0.791	<0.001
	(4) Did you get palpitations?	I4QDC3	0.519	0.817	0.690		0.476		0.787	<0.001
Yang-deficiency	(19) Were you sensitive to cold and tended to wear more clothes than others?	I10YaDC1	0.626	0.847	0.910		0.828		0.846	<0.001
	(22) Did you catch colds more easily than others?	I11YaDC2	0.753	0.719	0.450		0.203		0.658	<0.001
	(52) Did you feel uncomfortable when you drank or ate something cold, or did you avoid to drinking or eating cold items?	I23YaDC3	0.541	0.713	0.700		0.490		0.766	<0.001
Yin-deficiency	(16) Did the palms of your hands or soles of your feet feel hot?	I9YiDC1	0.714	0.390	0.410		0.168		0.648	<0.001
	(44) Did your eyes feel dry and you used eye drops?	I19YiDC2	0.651	0.701	0.540		0.292		0.711	<0.001
	(46) Did you often feel parched and need to drink water?	I21YiDC3	0.502	0.794	0.590		0.348		0.778	<0.001
Phlegm-dampness	(28) Did you have an excessively oily forehead and/or T-zone?	I12PDC1	0.537/0.424^c	0.700	0.650		0.423		0.736	<0.001
	(42) Did you have upper eyelid swelling?	I17PDC2	0.751	0.633	0.430		0.185		0.652	<0.001
	(49) Did your mouth feel sticky?	I22PDC3	0.604	0.795	0.670		0.449		0.741	<0.001
Damp-heat	(41) Did you get acne or sores easily?	I16DHC1	0.695	0.565	0.610		0.372		0.639	<0.001
	(56) Did you pass sticky stools and/or feel that your bowel movement was incomplete?	I24DHC2	0.510	0.722	0.670		0.449		0.725	<0.001
	(59) Did your urethral canal feel hot when you urinated, or did your urine have a dark color?	I25DHC3	0.702	0.770	0.610		0.372		0.720	<0.001
	(60) Was your vaginal discharge yellowish (only for female interviewees)? /Was your scrotum always wet (only for male interviewees)?	I26DHC4	0.505	0.723	0.560		0.314		0.701	<0.001
Blood-stasis	(40) Did you have a dark face or get brown spots easily?	I15BSC1	0.758	0.818	0.730		0.533		0.760	<0.001
	(43) Did you get dark circles under the eyes easily?	I16BSC	0.405	0.529	0.390		0.152		0.657	<0.001
	(45) Were your lips darker, more blue or purple than usual?	I20BSC	0.617	0.806	0.710		0.504		0.755	<0.001
Qi-stagnation	(9) Did you easily feel anxious and worried?	I6QSC1	0.765	0.845	0.680		0.462		0.831	<0.001
	(10)Did you feel overly sensitive, vulnerable or emotionally upset?	I7QSC2	0.722	0.815	0.750		0.563		0.834	<0.001
	(11) Were you easily scared or frightened?	I8QSC3	0.618	0.829	0.610		0.372		0.824	<0.001
Special-diathesis	(30) Did you have allergies? (E.g. medicine, food, odors, pollen, pet dander or during seasonal or weather change etc.)	I13SDC1	0.733	0.754	0.540		0.292		0.849	<0.001
Special-diathesis	(31) Did you get hives/urticaria easily?	I14SDC2	0.704	0.754	0.500		0.250		0.822	<0.001

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Development and evaluation of short form of constitution in Chinese medicine questionnaire: a national epidemiological survey data of 21 948 cases

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Body constitution	Number of items	Discriminant validity of the short form CCMQ of different BMI (mean ± SD)				Reliability analysis of the short form CCMQ
Body constitution	Number of items	BMI ≥ 25 (n = 47)	BMI < 25 (n = 156)	t value	P value	Cronbach’s alpha coefficient	Cronbach’s alpha coefficient based on standardized items	Split-half Reliability
Gentleness	3	8.3±1.9	7.8±1.9	?1.571	0.118	0.584	0.595	0.621
Qi-deficiency	3	6.8±1.9	6.7±1.9	-0.329	0.743	0.576	0.570	0.657
Yang-deficiency	3	6.3±2.6	6.5±2.5	0.502	0.616	0.631	0.635	0.601
Yin-deficiency	3	6.1±3.0	6.7±2.1	1.531	0.127	0.519	0.516	0.604
Phlegm-dampness	3	6.2±2.0	6.7±2.4	1.001	0.318	0.505	0.510	0.603
Damp-heat	4	8.5±2.9	8.9±3.1	0.830	0.407	0.640	0.646	0.593
Blood-stasis	3	5.9±2.2	6.8±2.4	2.178	0.026	0.541	0.547	0.605
Qi-stagnation	3	6.2±1.7	7.1±2.4	2.715	0.008	0.771	0.774	0.770
Special-diathesis	2	3.2±1.3	3.2±1.4	0.063	0.949	0.567	0.568	0.568

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