Therapeutic potential of garlic-derived exosome like nanovesicles: challenge and opportunity

doi:10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.2026.02.022

Abstract

Abstract:

Recent advancements in nanotechnology have catalyzed interest in exosome-like nanovesicles derived from garlic, exploring their potential therapeutic applications. This review assesses the therapeutic efficacy of garlic-derived exosome-like nanovesicles (GaELNVs), emphasizing their antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, alongside their utility in drug delivery systems. Synthesizing diverse studies, this review discusses methodologies for GaELNV isolation, characterization (including high-speed centrifugation, sequential centrifugation, and sucrose gradient purification), and application. GaELNVs exhibit notable therapeutic potential, evidenced by their capacity to mitigate brain inflammation, enhance cognitive function, improve glucose metabolism, and show minimal immunogenicity. These effects are attributed to their modulation of inflammatory cytokines and other molecular pathways. Moreover, GaELNVs demonstrate robust biocompatibility, stability in acidic environments, and efficient targeting capabilities. In conclusion, this review underscores the promising therapeutic applications of GaELNVs, particularly as a pioneering drug delivery system. However, further investigations are imperative to optimize clinical deployment and comprehensively elucidate their mechanisms of action.

Key words: garlic, nanovesicles, exosome, therapeutic, review

Masoumeh Amiri, Mozafar Khazaei, Tayebeh Sadat Tabatabai, Leila Rezakhani. Therapeutic potential of garlic-derived exosome like nanovesicles: challenge and opportunity[J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2026, 46(2): 509-516.

Figures/Tables 1

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Nanoparticle Source	Application	Characteristics and effects	Tested on	Referenece
GaELNVs	Alleviation of brain inflammation	Reduces expression of inflammatory cytokines in microglia cells, decreases neuronal cell death, enhances memory function, improves glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity	Microglia cells, primary neuronal cells, mice	49
GaELNVs	Treatment of ulcerative colitis	Particle size: 79.60 nm. Normalized production of proinfla-mmatory cytokines. Contents: functional proteins and microRNAs	Mice with DSS-induced colitis	60
GaELNVs	Investigating the effects on mammalian cancer cells and normal cells	Exosome size: 30-100 nm. Contents: proteins, RNA, DNA, mRNA, and miRNA	Malignant cell lines Normal cells	52
GaELNVs	Inhibition of systemic and brain inflammatory activity. Reversal of high-fat diet induced obesity in mice	GaELNs were isolated and orally administered to HFD-fed mice	Mice fed a high-fat diet	49
GaELNVs	Training gut microbiota to release healthy outer membrane vesicles. Reversal of high-fat diet-induced type 2 diabetes and brain inflammation in mice	Gut microbiota can be trained by diet-derived exosome-like nanoparticles. Specific application: outer membrane vesicles released from GaELNs trained Akkermansia muciniphila in human gut	-	50
SEVs	Investigating the effect on cancer cell progression, particularly in inducing apoptosis	Methods used: nanoparticle tracking analysis, electron microscopy, SEV surface antibody analysis	-	55
GaELNVs	Investigation into how plant-derived nanovesicles is taken up by cells	GaELNVs isolated and digested with trypsin to remove surface proteins Comparison: digested GaELNVs showed reduced uptake compared to undigested GaELNVs, indicating the role of surface proteins in endocytosis	Contributes to understanding GaELNVs intern-alization mechanisms and their cellular anti-inflammatory effects	61
GaELNVs	Therapeutic potential for ameliorating liver injury induced by LPS/D-GalN in mice. Delivery vehicle to inhibit inflammatory responses and reduce inflammatory cell infiltration	GaELNVs administered to mice with liver injury induced by LPS/ D-GalN/.	GaELNVs proposed as a novel therapeutic agent for clinical management of liver disease	17
GaELNVs	Pharmacological potential in alleviating diseases. Maintenance of intestinal health through gut microbiome manipulation. Targeted therapy and drug delivery applications. Development into dietary supplements	ELNs are lipid bilayer membrane-bound vesicular structures, 30-150 nm in size. Similar features to exosomes derived from eukaryotic animal cells.	-	56

Nanoparticle Source	Application	Characteristics and effects	Tested on	Referenece
GaELNVs	Alleviation of brain inflammation	Reduces expression of inflammatory cytokines in microglia cells, decreases neuronal cell death, enhances memory function, improves glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity	Microglia cells, primary neuronal cells, mice	49
GaELNVs	Treatment of ulcerative colitis	Particle size: 79.60 nm. Normalized production of proinfla-mmatory cytokines. Contents: functional proteins and microRNAs	Mice with DSS-induced colitis	60
GaELNVs	Investigating the effects on mammalian cancer cells and normal cells	Exosome size: 30-100 nm. Contents: proteins, RNA, DNA, mRNA, and miRNA	Malignant cell lines Normal cells	52
GaELNVs	Inhibition of systemic and brain inflammatory activity. Reversal of high-fat diet induced obesity in mice	GaELNs were isolated and orally administered to HFD-fed mice	Mice fed a high-fat diet	49
GaELNVs	Training gut microbiota to release healthy outer membrane vesicles. Reversal of high-fat diet-induced type 2 diabetes and brain inflammation in mice	Gut microbiota can be trained by diet-derived exosome-like nanoparticles. Specific application: outer membrane vesicles released from GaELNs trained Akkermansia muciniphila in human gut	-	50
SEVs	Investigating the effect on cancer cell progression, particularly in inducing apoptosis	Methods used: nanoparticle tracking analysis, electron microscopy, SEV surface antibody analysis	-	55
GaELNVs	Investigation into how plant-derived nanovesicles is taken up by cells	GaELNVs isolated and digested with trypsin to remove surface proteins Comparison: digested GaELNVs showed reduced uptake compared to undigested GaELNVs, indicating the role of surface proteins in endocytosis	Contributes to understanding GaELNVs intern-alization mechanisms and their cellular anti-inflammatory effects	61
GaELNVs	Therapeutic potential for ameliorating liver injury induced by LPS/D-GalN in mice. Delivery vehicle to inhibit inflammatory responses and reduce inflammatory cell infiltration	GaELNVs administered to mice with liver injury induced by LPS/ D-GalN/.	GaELNVs proposed as a novel therapeutic agent for clinical management of liver disease	17
GaELNVs	Pharmacological potential in alleviating diseases. Maintenance of intestinal health through gut microbiome manipulation. Targeted therapy and drug delivery applications. Development into dietary supplements	ELNs are lipid bilayer membrane-bound vesicular structures, 30-150 nm in size. Similar features to exosomes derived from eukaryotic animal cells.	-	56

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