Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine ›› 2024, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (3): 620-628.DOI: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.2024.03.002
• Reviews • Previous Articles Next Articles
Shikha Agrawal, Adarsh Kumar, Ankit Kumar Singh, Harshwardhan Singh, Suresh Thareja, Pradeep Kumar
Received:
2022-11-25
Accepted:
2023-05-22
Online:
2024-06-15
Published:
2024-04-30
Contact:
Pradeep Kumar, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
Shikha Agrawal, Adarsh Kumar, Ankit Kumar Singh, Harshwardhan Singh, Suresh Thareja, Pradeep Kumar. A comprehensive review on pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of 8 potent Prunus species of southeast Asia[J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2024, 44(3): 620-628.
S. No. | Species | Common name | Part used | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Prunus amygdalus Batsch | Almond (Badam) | Bark, stem, fruit | 22 |
2 | Prunus persica (L.) Batsch | Peach | Bark, stem, fruit and leaves | 23 |
3 | Prunus armeniaca L. | Apricot | Bark, seed kernels, fruit | 24 |
4 | Prunus cerasus L. | Sour cherry | Stem, leaves, and fruit | 25 |
5 | Prunus avium (L.) L. | Sweet cherry | Fruit and seeds | 25 |
6 | Prunus cerasoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don | Wild cherry | Stem, bark, leaves, and fruit | 26 |
7 | Prunus domestica L. | Common Plum/European Plum | Bark, heartwood, fruit and leaves | 27 |
8 | Prunus mahaleb L. | Mahaleb | Fruit | 28 |
Table 1 Medicinal and economic important species of genus Prunus
S. No. | Species | Common name | Part used | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Prunus amygdalus Batsch | Almond (Badam) | Bark, stem, fruit | 22 |
2 | Prunus persica (L.) Batsch | Peach | Bark, stem, fruit and leaves | 23 |
3 | Prunus armeniaca L. | Apricot | Bark, seed kernels, fruit | 24 |
4 | Prunus cerasus L. | Sour cherry | Stem, leaves, and fruit | 25 |
5 | Prunus avium (L.) L. | Sweet cherry | Fruit and seeds | 25 |
6 | Prunus cerasoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don | Wild cherry | Stem, bark, leaves, and fruit | 26 |
7 | Prunus domestica L. | Common Plum/European Plum | Bark, heartwood, fruit and leaves | 27 |
8 | Prunus mahaleb L. | Mahaleb | Fruit | 28 |
S. No. | Species | Common name | Distribution | Medicinal aspect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Prunus amygdalus Batsch | Almond | Native of West Asia and grown in Baluchistan, Kashmir, Punjab, Afghanistan, Persia, and the Mediterranean region. The US is the largest producer yet grown in California. | Rich in nutrition, demulcent, stimulant, nervine tonic, lithotriptic, diuretic, emollient, laxative, and, a sedative in cough, deobstruent, aphro-disiac actions. Also valuable for cough and obstruction clearance of the liver and spleen, skin eruption, peptic ulcer, and intestinal colic. The astringent action of unripe fruit acts against gum and mouth sores and ulcers. The oil bears laxative property, and is helpful in mental disabilities; it also gives relief to neurological and kidney pain. | 22 |
2 | Prunus persica (L.) Batsch | Peach | Mainly found in temperate regions of Asia and Southern Europe | Bark has sedative, stomachic, demulcent, anti-scorbutic, diuretic, and expectorant activity. Leaves have anthelmintic activity. The plant has antidiabetic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumor, anticarcinogenic, and cholinesterase inhibitory activity. | 23 |
3 | Prunus armeniaca L. | Apricot | Native to Asia and North-Eastern China. Distributed in the regions of North Korea, North China, Manchuria, North Eastern Mongolia and Khingan mountains. In India, it is mainly found in Northern India. | It is used as an analgesic, anti-asthmatic, anthe-lmintic, antipyretic, emollient, antispasmodic, demulcent, emetic, antiseptic, expectorant, laxative, ophthalmic, anticarcinogenic, sedative, anti-platelet, and antimicrobial agent. | 24 |
4 | Prunus cerasus L. | Sour cherry | It is distributed in areas of Europe and southwest Asia. In India, it is grown in the regions of Kashmir, Kumaun, and Gharwal. | Antidiabetic, immunomodulatory, enhanced sleep, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. | 25 |
5 | Prunus avium (L.) L. | Sweet cherry | They are mainly distributed in north Russia and temperate regions of Europe. | The stem has a diuretic and astringent effect. They are mainly used for cystitis, urinary retention, nephritis, and arthritis. | 25 |
6 | Prunus cerasoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don | Wild cherry | Mainly found in the regions of Himachal Pradesh in North-Central India to Bhutan, Sikkim, Nepal, Thailand, Myanmar, and Western China. Distributed in the Gharwal hills in the temperate zone of Uttarakhand, including the Pauri, Tehri, Chamoli, and Utakahi regions. Grown in the Danolti and Gharwal regions. | Antibacterial, diuretic, BPH protective, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. | 26 |
7 | Prunus domestica L. | Common plum | They are mainly distributed in the regions of south-eastern Europe and south-western Asia. | Hypotensive, antihyperlipidemic, antioxidant, anticancer, anxiolytic, Hepato-protective, Antimicrobial, GIT effect, and antidiabetic. | 27 |
Table 2 Species with their native and cultivation area and their medicinal aspects
S. No. | Species | Common name | Distribution | Medicinal aspect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Prunus amygdalus Batsch | Almond | Native of West Asia and grown in Baluchistan, Kashmir, Punjab, Afghanistan, Persia, and the Mediterranean region. The US is the largest producer yet grown in California. | Rich in nutrition, demulcent, stimulant, nervine tonic, lithotriptic, diuretic, emollient, laxative, and, a sedative in cough, deobstruent, aphro-disiac actions. Also valuable for cough and obstruction clearance of the liver and spleen, skin eruption, peptic ulcer, and intestinal colic. The astringent action of unripe fruit acts against gum and mouth sores and ulcers. The oil bears laxative property, and is helpful in mental disabilities; it also gives relief to neurological and kidney pain. | 22 |
2 | Prunus persica (L.) Batsch | Peach | Mainly found in temperate regions of Asia and Southern Europe | Bark has sedative, stomachic, demulcent, anti-scorbutic, diuretic, and expectorant activity. Leaves have anthelmintic activity. The plant has antidiabetic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumor, anticarcinogenic, and cholinesterase inhibitory activity. | 23 |
3 | Prunus armeniaca L. | Apricot | Native to Asia and North-Eastern China. Distributed in the regions of North Korea, North China, Manchuria, North Eastern Mongolia and Khingan mountains. In India, it is mainly found in Northern India. | It is used as an analgesic, anti-asthmatic, anthe-lmintic, antipyretic, emollient, antispasmodic, demulcent, emetic, antiseptic, expectorant, laxative, ophthalmic, anticarcinogenic, sedative, anti-platelet, and antimicrobial agent. | 24 |
4 | Prunus cerasus L. | Sour cherry | It is distributed in areas of Europe and southwest Asia. In India, it is grown in the regions of Kashmir, Kumaun, and Gharwal. | Antidiabetic, immunomodulatory, enhanced sleep, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. | 25 |
5 | Prunus avium (L.) L. | Sweet cherry | They are mainly distributed in north Russia and temperate regions of Europe. | The stem has a diuretic and astringent effect. They are mainly used for cystitis, urinary retention, nephritis, and arthritis. | 25 |
6 | Prunus cerasoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don | Wild cherry | Mainly found in the regions of Himachal Pradesh in North-Central India to Bhutan, Sikkim, Nepal, Thailand, Myanmar, and Western China. Distributed in the Gharwal hills in the temperate zone of Uttarakhand, including the Pauri, Tehri, Chamoli, and Utakahi regions. Grown in the Danolti and Gharwal regions. | Antibacterial, diuretic, BPH protective, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. | 26 |
7 | Prunus domestica L. | Common plum | They are mainly distributed in the regions of south-eastern Europe and south-western Asia. | Hypotensive, antihyperlipidemic, antioxidant, anticancer, anxiolytic, Hepato-protective, Antimicrobial, GIT effect, and antidiabetic. | 27 |
Species | Common name | Morphology | Reference | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leaves | Flower | Fruit | |||
Prunus amygdalus Batsch | Almond | The deciduous tree is 4-10 m high, the trunk diameter can reach 30 cm, the leaves are gray, oblong-lanceolate, and the petiole is equal to or longer than the maximum leaf width. | Flowers are white with a crimson tinge, 3-5cm in diameter with five petals, emerging before the leaves. | The drupe is 3.5 to 6 cm long and is pubescent. The flesh is hard and splits when mature, exposing the bones. The endocarp is thin or thick, flat, long, oval seeds with brownish seed coats, usually surrounded by each stone shell. | 30 |
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch | Peach | 10 m evergreen tree, leaves are conduplicate in the bud, 6.3-10 cm long, lanceolate, hairy on the midrib underneath when young serrate, and the bark is grey or ashy, | Its flowers are pinkish-white sessile, 2.5-3 cm in diameter with five petals and pedicelled. | Yellow whitish fruit with a delicate aroma, velvety and smooth skin, red-brown single large seed, 1.3-2 cm long and oval and surrounded by a wood-like husk. | 3 |
Prunus armeniaca L. | Apricot | The tree has a height of 800-1200 cm, a trunk diameter of up to 0.4 m, and a dense canopy. The leaves are ovate, 5-9 cm long, 4-8 cm wide, with round base, pointed tips, and serrated edges. | 2-4.5cm five petals flowers pinkish at first then white, leaves after the flower, fascicled, short pedicel | Drupe 1.5-2.5 cm Smooth or glabrous, smooth or velvety skin, yellowish, reddish, smooth stones with thick bevels. | 33 |
Prunus cerasus L. | Sour cherry | Its height ranges from 4 to 10 meters. ovate, rigid leaves round-topped or spreading and have root suckers | 2-5 m long, white, clustered on thin pedicles, 2-4 cm long, stiff and abruptly pointed, minutely toothed | Fruits are globose, 0.6-1.25 cm in diameter, and appear with the leaves. Bright crimson to nearly black, acidic or sweet Bark is a kind of tree astringent, bitter fruit with a tart and sweet flavor. | 34 |
Prunus avium (L.) L. | Sweet cherry | Similar to cerasus, but does not form rhizomes, loose leaves, thicker teeth, two glands at the top of the petiole | Buds are leafless but have larger reflective scales; sepals are usually intact | Blackish fruit, sweet, peduncles up to 5 cm long | 35 |
Prunus cerasoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don | Himalayan wild cherry | Medium to large trees, mahogany, and horizontal bars. The leaves are smooth and hairless, ovate, long, and strongly serrated. The leaves are 7.5-12.5 cm long, and the petioles are 1.3 cm long. | White, pink, or crimson flowers appear in umbrella-like clusters in front of the leaves at the ends of branches. | The fruit is yellow-red, oval or spherical, 1.32 cm long | 36 |
Prunus domestica L. | European plum/ common plum | An unarmed tree with glabrous branches, pubescent pedicles, and | Thorny, white blossom, borne in early spring | 8 cm big, oblong, hanging drupes of purple-blackish color | 37 |
Prunus mahaleb L. | Mahaleb | Upright heavily branched shrub, 1.5-5 cm long oval spreading leaves, subrounded ovate, briefly acuminate subcordate obtusely serrate. | Floral, pure white, small, 8 to 20 mm in diameter, 8 to 15 mm long stem, 3 to 10 racemes in 3 to 4 cm long racemes. | This fruit is a small cherry-colored drupe with thin flesh and a bitter taste. It is first green, then scarlet, and dark purple or black when mature. | 38, 39 |
Table 3 Morphological characters of species of genus Prunus
Species | Common name | Morphology | Reference | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leaves | Flower | Fruit | |||
Prunus amygdalus Batsch | Almond | The deciduous tree is 4-10 m high, the trunk diameter can reach 30 cm, the leaves are gray, oblong-lanceolate, and the petiole is equal to or longer than the maximum leaf width. | Flowers are white with a crimson tinge, 3-5cm in diameter with five petals, emerging before the leaves. | The drupe is 3.5 to 6 cm long and is pubescent. The flesh is hard and splits when mature, exposing the bones. The endocarp is thin or thick, flat, long, oval seeds with brownish seed coats, usually surrounded by each stone shell. | 30 |
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch | Peach | 10 m evergreen tree, leaves are conduplicate in the bud, 6.3-10 cm long, lanceolate, hairy on the midrib underneath when young serrate, and the bark is grey or ashy, | Its flowers are pinkish-white sessile, 2.5-3 cm in diameter with five petals and pedicelled. | Yellow whitish fruit with a delicate aroma, velvety and smooth skin, red-brown single large seed, 1.3-2 cm long and oval and surrounded by a wood-like husk. | 3 |
Prunus armeniaca L. | Apricot | The tree has a height of 800-1200 cm, a trunk diameter of up to 0.4 m, and a dense canopy. The leaves are ovate, 5-9 cm long, 4-8 cm wide, with round base, pointed tips, and serrated edges. | 2-4.5cm five petals flowers pinkish at first then white, leaves after the flower, fascicled, short pedicel | Drupe 1.5-2.5 cm Smooth or glabrous, smooth or velvety skin, yellowish, reddish, smooth stones with thick bevels. | 33 |
Prunus cerasus L. | Sour cherry | Its height ranges from 4 to 10 meters. ovate, rigid leaves round-topped or spreading and have root suckers | 2-5 m long, white, clustered on thin pedicles, 2-4 cm long, stiff and abruptly pointed, minutely toothed | Fruits are globose, 0.6-1.25 cm in diameter, and appear with the leaves. Bright crimson to nearly black, acidic or sweet Bark is a kind of tree astringent, bitter fruit with a tart and sweet flavor. | 34 |
Prunus avium (L.) L. | Sweet cherry | Similar to cerasus, but does not form rhizomes, loose leaves, thicker teeth, two glands at the top of the petiole | Buds are leafless but have larger reflective scales; sepals are usually intact | Blackish fruit, sweet, peduncles up to 5 cm long | 35 |
Prunus cerasoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don | Himalayan wild cherry | Medium to large trees, mahogany, and horizontal bars. The leaves are smooth and hairless, ovate, long, and strongly serrated. The leaves are 7.5-12.5 cm long, and the petioles are 1.3 cm long. | White, pink, or crimson flowers appear in umbrella-like clusters in front of the leaves at the ends of branches. | The fruit is yellow-red, oval or spherical, 1.32 cm long | 36 |
Prunus domestica L. | European plum/ common plum | An unarmed tree with glabrous branches, pubescent pedicles, and | Thorny, white blossom, borne in early spring | 8 cm big, oblong, hanging drupes of purple-blackish color | 37 |
Prunus mahaleb L. | Mahaleb | Upright heavily branched shrub, 1.5-5 cm long oval spreading leaves, subrounded ovate, briefly acuminate subcordate obtusely serrate. | Floral, pure white, small, 8 to 20 mm in diameter, 8 to 15 mm long stem, 3 to 10 racemes in 3 to 4 cm long racemes. | This fruit is a small cherry-colored drupe with thin flesh and a bitter taste. It is first green, then scarlet, and dark purple or black when mature. | 38, 39 |
Species | Terpenoids | Alkaloids | Flavanoids | Phenolic acid | Tannins |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prunus amygdalus Batsch | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch | -- | -- | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Prunus armeniaca L. | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Prunus cerasus L. | -- | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Prunus avium (L.) L. | -- | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Prunus cerasoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don | ++ | -- | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Prunus domestica L. | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Prunus mahaleb L. | -- | -- | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Table 4 Phytochemical screening of species of Prunus
Species | Terpenoids | Alkaloids | Flavanoids | Phenolic acid | Tannins |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prunus amygdalus Batsch | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch | -- | -- | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Prunus armeniaca L. | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Prunus cerasus L. | -- | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Prunus avium (L.) L. | -- | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Prunus cerasoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don | ++ | -- | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Prunus domestica L. | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Prunus mahaleb L. | -- | -- | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Species | Flavanoids | Steroids/terpenes | Phenolic acid | Coumarins | Carotenoids |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prunus amygdalus Batsch | Naringenin, Prunin, Isoquercetrin | Amygdaloside, Amygdalactone, Betulinic acid, Maslinic acid | 5-O-Caffeoyl quinic acid, chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid | Coumarinic acid | |
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch | Hesperetin 5-O-?-D-glucoside, Naringenin, Persiconin, Prunin/Naringenin 7-O-?-D glucopyranoside Isoquercetrin, Kaempferol | 5-Avenasterol, 2,3-Dihydroxy olean-12-en-28-oic acid, 2,3 Dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid | cis, trans (+) Abscisic acid, Chlorogenic acid | Trans-Au roxanthin, Carotene, Lutein, Zeaxanthin | |
Prunus armeniaca L. | 3,4′,5,7- Tetrahydroxy-3?,5′-di-methoxy flavone 3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1"'→6"')-?-D-galactopyranoside, Naringenin, Kaempferol, Prunin, Isoquercetrin | α-Amyrin acetate 5-Avenasterol Cholesterol, Estrone | 5-O-Caffeoylquinic acid p-Coumaric acid Chlorogenic acid Protocatechuic acid | Carotene Lycopene | |
Prunus cerasus L. | Apigenin-5-glucoside, Chrysin, 6,7-Dimethoxy-5,8,4'-trihydroxyflavone, Glucogenkwanin, Tectochrysin, Tectochrysin- 5-glucoside, Cerasinone, Dihydrotectochrysin, Naringenin, Sakuranetin, Isoquercetrin, Kaempferol | 5-Avenasterol 7-Avenasterol | Caffeic acid, 5-O-Caffeoylquinic acid, p-Coumaric acid, Chlorogenic acid, Protocatechuic acid | Carotene Lutein Zeaxanthin | |
Prunus avium (L.) L. | Aequinoctin or chrysin-7-glucoside, Chrysin, Chrysin-7-O-glucoside, Galangin, Jaceidin, Tectochrysin, Dihydrotectochrysin, Naringenin, Prunin, Sakuranetin, Kaempferol | Caffeic acid p-Coumaric acid o-Coumaric acid Chlorogenic acid | |||
Prunus cerasoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don | Glucogenkwanin Naringenin Naringenin-4'-methylether-7-xyloside Naringenin-4'-O-methylliquiritigenin-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside Naringenin-5-O—L rhamnopyranoside Puddumin-A Puddumin-B Afzelin | ?-sitosterol Ursolic acid | |||
Prunus domestica L. | Chrysin Isosakuranetin Naringenin Isoquercetrin Kaempferol | 5-Avenasterol | cis, trans (+) Abscisic acid, Caffeic acid, 5-O-Caffeoylquinic acid, p-Coumaric acid, Chlorogenic acid, Protocatechuic acid, Vanillic acid | Fraxinol Magnolioside | Apo12'-violaxanthal-Carotene Lutein |
Prunus mahaleb L. | Naringenin Prunin or Naringenin 7-O-?-D-glucopyranoside Kaempferol | o-Coumaric acid | Coumarin Esculetin Herniarin Herniarin glucoside Mahaleboside Umbelliferone |
Table 5 Chemical constituents of 8 Prunus species
Species | Flavanoids | Steroids/terpenes | Phenolic acid | Coumarins | Carotenoids |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prunus amygdalus Batsch | Naringenin, Prunin, Isoquercetrin | Amygdaloside, Amygdalactone, Betulinic acid, Maslinic acid | 5-O-Caffeoyl quinic acid, chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid | Coumarinic acid | |
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch | Hesperetin 5-O-?-D-glucoside, Naringenin, Persiconin, Prunin/Naringenin 7-O-?-D glucopyranoside Isoquercetrin, Kaempferol | 5-Avenasterol, 2,3-Dihydroxy olean-12-en-28-oic acid, 2,3 Dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid | cis, trans (+) Abscisic acid, Chlorogenic acid | Trans-Au roxanthin, Carotene, Lutein, Zeaxanthin | |
Prunus armeniaca L. | 3,4′,5,7- Tetrahydroxy-3?,5′-di-methoxy flavone 3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1"'→6"')-?-D-galactopyranoside, Naringenin, Kaempferol, Prunin, Isoquercetrin | α-Amyrin acetate 5-Avenasterol Cholesterol, Estrone | 5-O-Caffeoylquinic acid p-Coumaric acid Chlorogenic acid Protocatechuic acid | Carotene Lycopene | |
Prunus cerasus L. | Apigenin-5-glucoside, Chrysin, 6,7-Dimethoxy-5,8,4'-trihydroxyflavone, Glucogenkwanin, Tectochrysin, Tectochrysin- 5-glucoside, Cerasinone, Dihydrotectochrysin, Naringenin, Sakuranetin, Isoquercetrin, Kaempferol | 5-Avenasterol 7-Avenasterol | Caffeic acid, 5-O-Caffeoylquinic acid, p-Coumaric acid, Chlorogenic acid, Protocatechuic acid | Carotene Lutein Zeaxanthin | |
Prunus avium (L.) L. | Aequinoctin or chrysin-7-glucoside, Chrysin, Chrysin-7-O-glucoside, Galangin, Jaceidin, Tectochrysin, Dihydrotectochrysin, Naringenin, Prunin, Sakuranetin, Kaempferol | Caffeic acid p-Coumaric acid o-Coumaric acid Chlorogenic acid | |||
Prunus cerasoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don | Glucogenkwanin Naringenin Naringenin-4'-methylether-7-xyloside Naringenin-4'-O-methylliquiritigenin-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside Naringenin-5-O—L rhamnopyranoside Puddumin-A Puddumin-B Afzelin | ?-sitosterol Ursolic acid | |||
Prunus domestica L. | Chrysin Isosakuranetin Naringenin Isoquercetrin Kaempferol | 5-Avenasterol | cis, trans (+) Abscisic acid, Caffeic acid, 5-O-Caffeoylquinic acid, p-Coumaric acid, Chlorogenic acid, Protocatechuic acid, Vanillic acid | Fraxinol Magnolioside | Apo12'-violaxanthal-Carotene Lutein |
Prunus mahaleb L. | Naringenin Prunin or Naringenin 7-O-?-D-glucopyranoside Kaempferol | o-Coumaric acid | Coumarin Esculetin Herniarin Herniarin glucoside Mahaleboside Umbelliferone |
Species | Chemical constituents | Pharmacological action | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Prunus amygdalus Batsch | Betulinic acid | Anti-proliferative activity | 75 |
Chlorogenic acid | Anti-ulcer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-aging | 76 | |
Amygdalactone | Anti-proliferative, anti-platelet | 75 | |
Naringenin | Anti-estrogen, anti-oxidant | 77 | |
Kaempferol | Antimicrobial against herpes-simplex virus, antioxidant | 78 | |
Amygdaloside | Anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antibacterial, and analgesic activities | 62 | |
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch | Hesperetin | Anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-inflammatory | 78 |
Genistein | Cardioprotective treats osteoporosis | 79 | |
Oleanolic acid | Anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic agent, anti-lipase activity | 80 | |
Zeaxanthin | Antioxidant | 81 | |
Lutein | Visual disorders and cognition disease | 72 | |
Prunus armeniaca L. L | Naringenin | Anti-estrogen, antioxidant | 82 |
Kaempferol | Antimicrobial against herpes simplex virus | 78 | |
Isoquercitrin | Anticancer | 83 | |
Estrone | Anticancer | 83 | |
Carotene | Antioxidant | 81 | |
Lycopene | Anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative | 81 | |
Prunus cerasus L. | Cyanidin | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory | 84 |
Apigenin-5-glucoside | BZD antagonist | 85 | |
Tectochrysin | Anti-tumor | 44 | |
Naringenin | Anti-estrogen | 82 | |
Sakuranetin | Anti-cancer | 86 | |
Isoquercitrin | Anti-oxidant | 83 | |
Kaempferol | Anti-microbial | 78 | |
Prunus avium (L.) L. | Kaempferol | Antioxidant antimicrobial | 78 |
Galangin | Antioxidant, anti-fibrotic, antibacterial | 87 | |
Jaceidin | Anti-tumour | 88 | |
Tectochrysin | Anti-tumour | 44 | |
Naringenin | Anti-estrogen | 82 | |
Sakuranetin | Anti-cancer | 86 | |
Prunus cerasoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don | Apigenin | BZD antagonist | 85 |
Beta-sitosterol | Antimicrobial, anti-hyperlipidemic, BPH | 89 | |
Sakuranetin | Anticancer | 86 | |
Prunetin | Anti-inflammatory | 90 | |
Genkwanin | Anti-inflammatory | 90 | |
Ursolic acid | Cardioprotective | 91 | |
Prunus domestica L. | L-ascorbic acid | Antioxidant activity | 92 |
NeoChlorogenic acid | Neuroprotective effect | 93 | |
Quercetin-3-o-rutinoside | Anticancer | 94 | |
Quercetin-3-o-glucoside | Anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant | 95 | |
Methyl-3-caffeoylquinic | Antioxidant | 96 | |
Chlorogenic acid | Hepatoprotective, anxiolytic | 97 | |
Protocatechuic acid | Antibacterial, anticancer | 98 | |
Prunus mahaleb L. | Coumarin | Anti-coagulant, anti-inflammatory | 70 |
Dihydrocoumarin | Antioxidant and antitumor | 28 | |
Esculetin | MAO inhibitor, AChE inhibitor | 99 | |
Herniarin | Cytotoxic | 99 | |
Umbelliferone | Anti-hypoglycemic, antitumor | 100 | |
Kaempferol | Anti-oxidant, antimicrobial | 78 | |
Naringenin | Anti-estrogen, anti-oxidant | 84 |
Table 6 Chemical constituents of different Prunus species and their pharmacological activity
Species | Chemical constituents | Pharmacological action | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Prunus amygdalus Batsch | Betulinic acid | Anti-proliferative activity | 75 |
Chlorogenic acid | Anti-ulcer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-aging | 76 | |
Amygdalactone | Anti-proliferative, anti-platelet | 75 | |
Naringenin | Anti-estrogen, anti-oxidant | 77 | |
Kaempferol | Antimicrobial against herpes-simplex virus, antioxidant | 78 | |
Amygdaloside | Anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antibacterial, and analgesic activities | 62 | |
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch | Hesperetin | Anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-inflammatory | 78 |
Genistein | Cardioprotective treats osteoporosis | 79 | |
Oleanolic acid | Anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic agent, anti-lipase activity | 80 | |
Zeaxanthin | Antioxidant | 81 | |
Lutein | Visual disorders and cognition disease | 72 | |
Prunus armeniaca L. L | Naringenin | Anti-estrogen, antioxidant | 82 |
Kaempferol | Antimicrobial against herpes simplex virus | 78 | |
Isoquercitrin | Anticancer | 83 | |
Estrone | Anticancer | 83 | |
Carotene | Antioxidant | 81 | |
Lycopene | Anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative | 81 | |
Prunus cerasus L. | Cyanidin | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory | 84 |
Apigenin-5-glucoside | BZD antagonist | 85 | |
Tectochrysin | Anti-tumor | 44 | |
Naringenin | Anti-estrogen | 82 | |
Sakuranetin | Anti-cancer | 86 | |
Isoquercitrin | Anti-oxidant | 83 | |
Kaempferol | Anti-microbial | 78 | |
Prunus avium (L.) L. | Kaempferol | Antioxidant antimicrobial | 78 |
Galangin | Antioxidant, anti-fibrotic, antibacterial | 87 | |
Jaceidin | Anti-tumour | 88 | |
Tectochrysin | Anti-tumour | 44 | |
Naringenin | Anti-estrogen | 82 | |
Sakuranetin | Anti-cancer | 86 | |
Prunus cerasoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don | Apigenin | BZD antagonist | 85 |
Beta-sitosterol | Antimicrobial, anti-hyperlipidemic, BPH | 89 | |
Sakuranetin | Anticancer | 86 | |
Prunetin | Anti-inflammatory | 90 | |
Genkwanin | Anti-inflammatory | 90 | |
Ursolic acid | Cardioprotective | 91 | |
Prunus domestica L. | L-ascorbic acid | Antioxidant activity | 92 |
NeoChlorogenic acid | Neuroprotective effect | 93 | |
Quercetin-3-o-rutinoside | Anticancer | 94 | |
Quercetin-3-o-glucoside | Anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant | 95 | |
Methyl-3-caffeoylquinic | Antioxidant | 96 | |
Chlorogenic acid | Hepatoprotective, anxiolytic | 97 | |
Protocatechuic acid | Antibacterial, anticancer | 98 | |
Prunus mahaleb L. | Coumarin | Anti-coagulant, anti-inflammatory | 70 |
Dihydrocoumarin | Antioxidant and antitumor | 28 | |
Esculetin | MAO inhibitor, AChE inhibitor | 99 | |
Herniarin | Cytotoxic | 99 | |
Umbelliferone | Anti-hypoglycemic, antitumor | 100 | |
Kaempferol | Anti-oxidant, antimicrobial | 78 | |
Naringenin | Anti-estrogen, anti-oxidant | 84 |
Brand name | Part used | Use | Marketed by |
---|---|---|---|
Roghan Badam Shireen | Ripe kernels of Prunus amygdalus. | Sharpens brain, headache spasm, insomnia. | Dabur |
Peach Kernel Oil | Kernels | It soothes redness and swollen skin. It hydrates and moisturizes dry skin. It improves skin elasticity and leaves a soft touch It slows down the aging process and deals with the fine lines and wrinkles | Salvia |
Coldpress Apricot Carrier Oil | Kernels of Prunus armeniaca | skin retain elasticity, clarity, and suppleness | Naturalis |
Peach liquid extract | Peach Fruit extract | It works as a natural moisturizer. Vitamin C and E are antioxidants present in peach that helps wound recover faster and prevent aging of the skin by reducing oxygen-free radicals. | Herbal creations |
Old Indian Cherry Bark Syrup | Apricot seed, Black cherry bark | Boost immunity | Planetary herbals |
Table 7 Commercial preparations of Prunus species
Brand name | Part used | Use | Marketed by |
---|---|---|---|
Roghan Badam Shireen | Ripe kernels of Prunus amygdalus. | Sharpens brain, headache spasm, insomnia. | Dabur |
Peach Kernel Oil | Kernels | It soothes redness and swollen skin. It hydrates and moisturizes dry skin. It improves skin elasticity and leaves a soft touch It slows down the aging process and deals with the fine lines and wrinkles | Salvia |
Coldpress Apricot Carrier Oil | Kernels of Prunus armeniaca | skin retain elasticity, clarity, and suppleness | Naturalis |
Peach liquid extract | Peach Fruit extract | It works as a natural moisturizer. Vitamin C and E are antioxidants present in peach that helps wound recover faster and prevent aging of the skin by reducing oxygen-free radicals. | Herbal creations |
Old Indian Cherry Bark Syrup | Apricot seed, Black cherry bark | Boost immunity | Planetary herbals |
1. | Hummer KE, Janick J. Rosaceae: taxonomy, economic importance, genomics, in Genetics and genomics of Rosaceae Springer 2009; 6: 1-17. |
2. | Rasheed HM, Khan T, Wahid F, et al. Chemical composition and vasorelaxant and antispasmodic effects of essential oil from Rosa indica L. petals. Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2015; 2015: 1-9. |
3. | Kant R, Shukla RK, Shukla A. A review on peach (Prunus persica): an asset of medicinal phytochemicals. Int J Res Appl Sci Eng Technol 2018; 6: 2186-200. |
4. |
Lee S, Wen J. A phylogenetic analysis of Prunus and the Amygdaloideae (Rosaceae) using ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Am J Bot 2001; 88: 150-60.
PMID |
5. |
Poonam V, Kumar G, Reddy LC, et al. Chemical constituents of the genus Prunus and their medicinal properties. Curr Med Chem 2011; 18: 3758-824.
PMID |
6. | Bhatnagar S, Sastri B. The wealth of India raw materials (a dictionary of indian raw materials and industrial products). New Delhi, India 1960; 10: 64-8. |
7. | Zhang X, Jiang Z, Yusupov Z, et al. Prunus sunhangii: a new species of Prunus from central China. Plant diversity 2019; 4: 19-25. |
8. |
Leather SR. Prunus padus L. J Ecol 1996; 84: 125-32.
DOI URL |
9. | Hodel RG, Zimmer E, Wen J. A phylogenomic approach resolves the backbone of Prunus (Rosaceae) and identifies signals of hybridization and allopolyploidy. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 160: 107-18. |
10. |
Shi S, Li J, Sun J, et al. Phylogeny and classification of Prunus sensu lato (R osaceae). J Integr Plant Biol 2013; 55: 1069-79.
DOI URL |
11. |
B Hanbali L, J Haddad J. The antioxidant properties of red sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) extracts: laboratory assessment of antioxidant activity and antioxidant compounds under temperature variations. Curr Nutr Food Sci 2015; 11: 31-43.
DOI URL |
12. | Sabatini L, Fraternale D, Giacomo B, et al. Chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of Prunus spinosa L. fruit ethanol extract. J Funct Foods 2020; 67: 1-10. |
13. | Lim T. Prunus salicina, in edible medicinal and non-medicinal plants. Springer 2012; 4: 509-14. |
14. |
Joshi SR. Himalayan cherry Prunus cerasoides. Bee World 2004; 85: 73-3.
DOI URL |
15. |
Arora DS, Mahajan HJ. biotechnology. Major Phytoconstituents of Prunus cerasoides responsible for antimicrobial and antibiofilm potential against some reference strains of pathogenic bacteria and clinical isolates of MRSA. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 188: 1185-204.
DOI PMID |
16. | Fang J, Zhou Q, Liu Z, et al. Apigenin inhibits tumor angiogenesis through decreasing HIF-1α and VEGF expression. J Carcinog 2007; 28: 858-64. |
17. | Liu W, Nan G, Nisar MF, et al. Chemical constituents and health benefits of four Chinese plum species. J Food Qual 2020; 2020: 1-17. |
18. |
Zhou Q, Yan B, Hu X, et al. Luteolin inhibits invasion of prostate cancer PC3 cells through E-cadherin. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8: 1684-91.
DOI PMID |
19. | Fu B, Xue J, Li Z, et al. Chrysin inhibits expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α through reducing hypoxia-inducible factor-1α stability and inhibiting its protein synthesis. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6: 220-6. |
20. |
Kim SK, Kim HJ, Choi SE, et al. Anti-oxidative and inhibitory activities on nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E 2 (COX-2) production of flavonoids from seeds of Prunus tomentosa Thunberg. Arch Pharm Res 2008; 31: 424-8.
DOI URL |
21. | Das B, Ahmed N, Singh P. Prunus diversity-early and present development: a review. Int J Biodivers Conserv 2011; 3: 721-34. |
22. | Kester DE, Gradziel TM, Grasselly C, et al. Almonds (Prunus). Genetic resources of temperate fruit and nut crops. Acta Hortic 1991; 290: 701-60. |
23. | Scorza R, Okie WR. Peaches (Prunus). Genetic resources of temperate fruit and nut crops. Acta Hortic 1991; 290: 177-234. |
24. | Mehlenbacher SA, Cociu V, Hough F. Apricots (Prunus). Genetic resources of temperate fruit and nut crops. Acta Hortic 1991; 290, 65-110. |
25. |
Blando F, Gerardi C, Nicoletti I. Sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L) anthocyanins as ingredients for functional foods. J Biomed Biotechnol 2004; 2004: 253-8.
PMID |
26. | Tiwari C, Chubey S, Kurele R, et al. A Review on padmaka (prunus cerasoides d. don): different species and their medicinal uses. Ayushdhara 2016; 4: 1051-5. |
27. | Dhingra N, Sharma R, Kar A. Antioxidative and antiproliferative activities of isolated compounds from Prunus domestica: an in vitro study. Int J Phytomedicine 2013; 5: 341-6. |
28. |
Al-Said MS, Hifnawy MS. Dihydrocoumarin and certain other coumarins from Prunus mahaleb seeds. J Nat Prod 1986; 49: 721.
DOI URL |
29. | Joseph N, Anjum N, Tripathi Y. Prunus cerasoides D. Don: a review on its ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. Int J Pharm Sci 2018; 48: 62-9. |
30. | Kester DE, Gradziel TM. Grasselly C. Almonds (Prunus). Genetic resources of temperate fruit and nut crops. Acta Hortic 1991; 290: 701-58. |
31. |
Rana T, Chandel V, Hallan V. Himalayan wild cherry (Prunus cerasoides D. Don): a new host of Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus. For Pathol 2008; 38: 73-7.
DOI URL |
32. | Strasburger E, Noll F, Schenck H, Schimper AF. Text book of botany for univertities. 33 ed. Jena: Gustav Fischer Verlag, 1991: 778-80. |
33. |
Ruiz D, Egea J. Phenotypic diversity and relationships of fruit quality traits in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) germplasm. Euphytica 2008; 163: 143-58.
DOI URL |
34. |
Fathi M, Mohebbi M, Koocheki A. Introducing prunus cerasus gum exudates: chemical structure, molecular weight, and rheological properties. Food Hydrocoll 2016; 61: 946-55.
DOI URL |
35. |
Beyer M, Hahn R, Peschel S, et al. Analysing fruit shape in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.). Sci Hortic 2002; 96: 139-50.
DOI URL |
36. | Jangwan J, Kumar N. Isolation and Characterization of new flavonoid glycoside from the seeds of Prunus cerasoides. J Med Pl Stud 2015; 3: 20-2. |
37. |
Kayano S, Kikuzaki H, Fukutsuka N, et al. Antioxidant activity of prune (Prunus domestica L.) constituents and a new synergist. J Agric Food Chem 2002; 50: 3708-12.
DOI URL |
38. |
Guitian J. Why Prunus mahaleb (Rosaceae) produces more flowers than fruits. Am J Bot 1993; 80: 1305-9.
DOI URL |
39. | Potter D. Prunus. In: Kole C. Wild crop relatives: genomic and breeding resources. Heidelberg: Springer, 2011: 129-45. |
40. | Joseph N, Anjum N, Tripathi Y. Phytochemical screening and evaluation of polyphenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of Prunus cerasoides D. Don leaves. J Pharm Res 2016; 10: 502-8. |
41. |
Vogt T. Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Molecular plant 2010; 3: 2-20.
DOI PMID |
42. |
Iwashina T. The structure and distribution of the flavonoids in plants. J Plant Res 2000; 113: 287.
DOI URL |
43. | Panche A, Diwan A, Chandra S. Flavonoids: an overview. J Nutr Sci 2016; 5: 1-15. |
44. |
Geibel M, Geiger H, Treutter D. Tectochrysin 5-and genistein 5-glucosides from the bark of Prunus cerasus. Phytochemistry 1990; 29: 1351-3.
DOI URL |
45. |
Nagarajan GR, Parmar VS. Three new flavonoids in Prunus cerasus. Phytochemistry 1977; 16: 1317-8.
DOI URL |
46. |
Jung HA, Kim AR, Chung HY, Choi JS. In vitro antioxidant activity of some selected Prunus species in Korea. Arch Pharm Res 2002; 25: 865-72.
DOI URL |
47. | Ohtsuki K, Abe A, Mitsuzumi H, et al. Effects of long-term administration of hesperidin and glucosyl hesperidin to spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Nutri Sci Vitam 2002; 48: 420-22. |
48. | Bugianesi R, Catasta G, Spigno P, et al. Naringenin from cooked tomato paste is bioavailable in men. J Nutri 2002; 132: 3349-52. |
49. |
Nakamura S, Fujimoto K, Matsumoto T, et al. Structures of acylated sucroses and an acylated flavonol glycoside and inhibitory effects of constituents on aldose reductase from the flower buds of Prunus mume. J Nat Med 2013; 67: 799-806.
DOI URL |
50. | Veličković JM, Kostić DA, Stojanović GS, et al. Phenolic composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the extracts from Prunus spinosa L. Fruit Hem Ind 2014; 68: 297-303. |
51. | Chen K, Ohmura W, Doi S, Aoyama M. Termite feeding deterrent from Japanese larch wood. Bioresour Technol 2004; 95: 129-34. |
52. |
Mertens S, Talcott S, Percival S. Low Concentrations of quercetin and ellagic acid synergistically influence proliferation, cytotoxicity and apoptosis in MOLT-4 human leukemia cells. J Nutr 2003; 133: 2669-74.
DOI PMID |
53. |
Reed J. Cranberry flavonoids, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2002; 42: 301-16.
DOI PMID |
54. |
Haraguchi H, Mochida Y, Sakai S, et al. Protection against oxidative damage by dihydroflavonols in Engelhardtia chrysolepis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1996; 60: 945-8.
DOI URL |
55. | Wei H, Bowen R, Cai Q, Barnes S, Wang Y. Antioxidant and antipromotional effects of the soybean isoflavone genistein. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 1995; 208: 124-30. |
56. | Tham DM, Gardner CD, Haskell WL. Potential health benefits of dietary phytoestrogens: a review of the clinical, epidemiological, and mechanistic evidence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 2223-35. |
57. |
Bagchi D, Bagchi M, Stohs SJ, et al. Free radicals and grape seed proanthocyanidin extract: importance in human health and disease prevention. Toxicology 2000; 148: 187-97.
DOI PMID |
58. |
Howell AB. Cranberry proanthocyanidins and the maintenance of urinary tract health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2002; 42: 273-8.
PMID |
59. |
Wang H, Nair MG, Strasburg GM, Booren AM, Gray JI. Antioxidant polyphenols from tart cherries (Prunus cerasus). J Agric Food Chem 1999; 47: 840-4.
DOI URL |
60. |
Wang H, Nair MG, Iezzoni AF, et al. Quantification and characterization of anthocyanins in Balaton tart cherries. J Agric Food Chem 1997; 45: 2556-60.
DOI URL |
61. |
Lahlou H, Hirai N, Tsuda M, Ohigashi H. Triterpene phytoalexins from nectarine fruits. Phytochemistry 1999; 52: 623-9.
DOI URL |
62. |
Amico V, Barresi V, Condorelli D, Spatafora C, Tringali C. Antiproliferative terpenoids from almond hulls (Prunus dulcis): identification and structure activity relationships. J Agric Food Chem 2006; 54: 810-4.
DOI URL |
63. |
Sang S, Li G, Tian S, et al. An unusual diterpene glycoside from the nuts of almond (Prunus amygdalus Batsch). Tetrahedron lett 2003; 44: 1199-202.
DOI URL |
64. |
Sang S, Cheng X, Fu H, et al. New type sesquiterpene lactone from almond hulls (Prunus amygdalus Batsch). Tetrahedron Lett 2002; 43: 2547-49.
DOI URL |
65. |
Singh G, Singh S, Bani S. Oleanolic acid. Drugs Future 1994; 19: 450-1.
DOI URL |
66. |
Kashiwada Y, Wang H, Nagao T, et al. Anti-AIDS agents. 30. Anti-HIV activity of oleanolic acid, pomolic acid, and structurally related triterpenoids. J Nat Prod 1998; 61: 1090-5.
PMID |
67. | Kayano S, Kikuzaki H, Hashimoto S, et al. Structural elucidation of new glucosyl terpenates isolated from prunes (Prunus domestica L.). Koryo, Terupen oyobi Seiyu Kagaku ni kansuru Toronkai Koen Yoshishu 2004; 48: 297. |
68. |
Kim DO, Chun OK, Kim YJ, Moon HY, Lee CY. Quantification of polyphenolics and their antioxidant capacity in fresh plums. J Agric Food Chem 2003; 51: 6509-15.
DOI URL |
69. | Garofulić IE, Jambrak AR, Milošević S, et al. The effect of gas phase plasma treatment on the anthocyanin and phenolic acid content of sour cherry Marasca (Prunus cerasus var. Marasca) juice. LWT-Food Sci Technol 2015; 62: 894-900. |
70. |
Ieri F, Pinelli P, Romani A. Simultaneous determination of anthocyanins, coumarins and phenolic acids in fruits, kernels and liqueur of Prunus mahaleb L. Food chem 2012; 135: 2157-62.
DOI URL |
71. |
Ruiz D, Egea J, Tomás F, Gil MI. Carotenoids from new apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) varieties and their relationship with flesh and skin color. J Agric Food Chem 2005; 53: 6368-74.
DOI URL |
72. |
Zaghdoudi K, Pontvianne S, Framboisier X, et al. Accelerated solvent extraction of carotenoids from: Tunisian Kaki (Diospyros kaki L.), peach (Prunus persica L.) and apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.). Food Chem 2015; 184: 131-9.
DOI PMID |
73. |
Vetter J. Plant cyanogenic glycosides. Toxicon 2000; 38: 11-36.
DOI PMID |
74. | Kim GJ, Choi HG, Kim JH, et al. Anti-allergic inflammatory effects of cyanogenic and phenolic glycosides from the seed of Prunus persica. Nat Prod Commun 2013; 8: 1739-40. |
75. |
Amico V, Barresi V, Condorelli D, Spatafora C, Tringali C. Antiproliferative terpenoids from almond hulls (Prunus dulcis): identification and structure activity relationships. J Agric Food Chem 2006; 54: 810-4.
DOI URL |
76. |
Tungmunnithum D, Abid M, Elamrani A, Drouet S, Addi M, Hano C. Almond skin extracts and chlorogenic acid delay chronological aging and enhanced oxidative stress response in yeast. Life 2020; 10: 80-9.
DOI URL |
77. |
Murathan ZT, Kaya A, Erbil N, et al. Comparison of bioactive components, antimicrobial and antimutagenic features of organically and conventionally grown almond hulls. Erwerbs-Obstbau 2020; 62: 463-72.
DOI |
78. |
Musarra M, Ginestra G, Smeriglio A, et al. The antimicrobial and antiviral activity of polyphenols from almond (Prunus dulcis L.) skin. Nutrients 2019; 11: 2355-62.
DOI URL |
79. | Jesus F, Goncalves A, Alves G, Silva L. Health benefits of Prunus avium plant parts: An unexplored source rich in phenolic compounds. Food Rev Int 2020; 38: 1-29. |
80. | Nakagawa T, Allam AE, Ohnuki K, Shimizu K. Biological activities of extracts from different parts of two cultivars of Prunus persica ‘Akatsuki'and ‘Fastigiata’. Nat Prod Commun 2018; 13. doi:10.1177/1934578X1801301015. |
81. |
Oliveira A, Pintado M, Almeida DP. Phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of peach as affected by pasteurization and storage duration. LWT-Food Sci Technol 2012; 49: 202-7.
DOI URL |
82. |
Patel K, Singh GK, Patel DK. A review on pharmacological and analytical aspects of naringenin. Chin J Integr Med 2018; 24: 551-60.
DOI PMID |
83. |
Won Y, Kim J, Lizardo R, et al. The flavonol isoquercitrin promotes mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in SK-Mel-2 melanoma cell via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Nutrients 2020; 12: 3683-90.
DOI URL |
84. |
Bell PG, Gaze DC, Davison GW, et al. Montmorency tart cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) concentrate lowers uric acid, independent of plasma cyanidin-3-O-glucosiderutinoside. J Funct Foods 2014; 11: 82-90.
DOI URL |
85. |
Beszterda M, Frański R. Detection of flavone C-glycosides in the extracts from the bark of Prunus avium L. and Prunus cerasus L. Eur J Mass Spectrom 2020; 26: 369-75.
DOI URL |
86. |
Stompor M. A review on sources and pharmacological aspects of sakuranetin. Nutrients 2020; 12: 513.
DOI URL |
87. |
McNulty J, Nair J, Bollareddy E, et al. Isolation of flavonoids from the heartwood and resin of Prunus avium and some preliminary biological investigations. Phytochemistry 2009; 70: 2040-6.
DOI PMID |
88. | Singh J, Jayaprakasha G, Patil BS. Extraction, identification, and potential health benefits of spinach flavonoids: a review. Advances in plant phenolics: from chemistry to human health. ACS Symposium Series 2018; 1286: 107-36. |
89. | Jena AK, Vasisht K, Karan M. Therapeutic management of benign prostatic hyperplasia: from synthetics to naturals. Annu Res Rev Biol 2017; 17: 1-34. |
90. | Köksal Ç, Nalbantsoy A, Karabay N. Prunetin inhibits nitric oxide activity and induces apoptosis in urinary bladder cancer cells via CASP3 and TNF-α genes. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48: 7251-9. |
91. |
Khwaza V, Oyedeji OO, Aderibigbe BA. Ursolic acid-based derivatives as potential anti-cancer agents: An update. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21: 5920-30.
DOI URL |
92. |
Lombardi G, Lucarini M, Lanzi S, Aguzzi A, Cappelloni M. Nutrients and antioxidant molecules in yellow plums (Prunus domestica L.) from conventional and organic productions: a comparative study. J Agric Food Chem 2004; 52: 90-4.
DOI URL |
93. |
Kim M, Choi SY, Lee P, Hur J. Neochlorogenic acid inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced activation and pro-inflammatory res-ponses in BV2 microglial cells. Neurochem Res 2015; 40: 1792-8.
DOI URL |
94. |
Samanta SK, Bhattacharya K, Mandal C, Pal BC. Identification and quantification of the active component quercetin 3-O-rutinoside from Barringtonia racemosa, targets mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2010; 12: 639-48.
DOI PMID |
95. |
Panda S, Kar A. Apigenin (4 ‘, 5, 7-trihydroxyflavone) regulates hyperglycaemia, thyroid dysfunction and lipid peroxidation in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 2007; 59: 1543-8.
DOI URL |
96. |
Zhao JG, Yan QQ, Xue RY, Zhang J, Zhang YQ. Isolation and identification of colourless caffeoyl compounds in purple sweet potato by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS and their antioxidant activities. Food chem 2014; 161: 22-6.
DOI URL |
97. | Bouayed J, Rammal H, Dicko A, Younos C, Soulimani R. Chlorogenic acid, a polyphenol from Prunus domestica (Mirabelle), with coupled anxiolytic and antioxidant effects. J Neurol Sci 2007; 26: 77-84. |
98. | Kakkar S, Bais S. A review on protocatechuic acid and its pharmacological potential. Int Sch Res Notices 2014; 943-52. |
99. |
Santamour Jr FS, Riedel LG. Distribution and inheritance of scopolin and herniarin in some Prunus species. Biochem Syst Ecol 1994; 22: 197-201.
DOI URL |
100. |
Newary S, Afifi S, Aly M, et al. Chemical profile of Launaea nudicaulis ethanolic extract and its antidiabetic effect in streptozotocin-induced rats. Molecules 2021; 26: 1000.
DOI URL |
[1] | WANG Yuhuang, ZHANG Le, ZHANG Zhengshan, YAO Zhi, LI Xiyao, SUN Luying, LIAO Xing. Characteristics and quality of clinical practice guidelines for diabetic kidney disease: a systematic review [J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2024, 44(3): 609-619. |
[2] | Priyanka Sharma, Aakash Deep, Harish Kumar, Nitin Bansal, Sanjiv Kumar, Arun , Davinder Kumar. Pharmacological potential of Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen (Sapodilla): a narrative review [J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2024, 44(2): 403-407. |
[3] | LI Zhenxuan, WANG Xuerui, Luis Ulloa, Ayman Youssef, BAI Yunjing, XU Xiaolong, LIU Qingquan. Complementary and alternative medicine on cognitive defects and neuroinflammation after sepsis [J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2024, 44(2): 408-416. |
[4] | LIU Tingting, LIU Tongou, LIU Mingfu. Effectiveness and safety of acupuncture in treatment of pregnancy-related symptoms: a systematic review and Meta-analysis [J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2024, 44(1): 16-26. |
[5] | REN Ping, WANG Quanwu, BAI Wei, SUN Miao, LIU Zheling, GAO Ming, WANG Liang, PENG Bo, XU Liguang. Identifying the effective combination of acupuncture and traditional Chinese medicinal herbs for postmenopausal osteoporosis therapy through studies of their molecular regulation of bone homeostasis [J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2024, 44(1): 212-219. |
[6] | WANG Jiabao, ZHANG Lishuang, NIU Baihan, YU Yajun, YANG Fengwen, MIAO Lin, CHAI Lijuan, DING Xinya, SUN Yingjie, WANG Yujing, WANG Lin, ZHANG Han, WANG Yi, LI Lin. Efficacy and safety of Weichang’ an pill (胃肠安丸) combined with Western Medicine on gastrointestinal diseases: a systematic review and Meta-analysis [J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2023, 43(6): 1057-1067. |
[7] | FAN Rong, HE Haoyu, TANG Tao, CUI Hanjin. Long-term effects of Qingfei Paidu decoction (清肺排毒汤) in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 acute pneumonia after treatment: a protocol for systematic review and Meta-analysis [J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2023, 43(6): 1068-1071. |
[8] | WANG Lili, FENG Ju, ZHAN Daqian, WANG Junshuai, ZHOU Daixing. Protective effects of tanshinone ⅡA on sepsis-induced multiple organ dysfunction: a literature review [J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2023, 43(5): 1040-1046. |
[9] | MEI Pingping, FENG Wenzhe, SHI Peng, ZHANG Wenxiu, ZHUANG Yu. Clinical research progress in Traditional Chinese Medicine in treating wound healing after anal fistula surgery [J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2023, 43(5): 1047-1054. |
[10] | ZHAO HuiYan, JUN Purumea, LEE Chaewon, HAN Chang-Hyun. Acupoint catgut embedding for simple obesity in animal studies: a systematic review and Meta-analysis [J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2023, 43(5): 860-867. |
[11] | SUN Wu, ZHAO Yuwei, LIAO Liang, ZHAO Zhonghui, CHEN Shiqi, YAN Xiaoling, WANG Xueyao, CHAO Guojun, ZHOU Jian. Effectiveness and safety of Xuebijing injection for patients with coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic review and Meta-analysis [J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2023, 43(4): 631-639. |
[12] | MENG Xiangran, CAO Xue, SUN Minglin, AI Yanke, HE Liyun, LIU Jia. Effectiveness and safety of Angong Niuhuang pill (安宫牛黄丸) in treatment of acute stroke: a systematic review and Meta-analysis [J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2023, 43(4): 650-660. |
[13] | LUO Xin, XIE Jing, HUANG Li, GAN Wenfan, CHEN Ming. Efficacy and safety of activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis of Traditional Chinese Medicine for managing renal fibrosis in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and Meta-analysis [J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2023, 43(3): 429-440. |
[14] | MA Fangfang, ZHANG Hewei, LI Bingxue, CHENG Peiyu, YU Mingwei, WANG Xiaomin. Acupuncture and moxibustion for malignant tumor patients with psychological symptoms of insomnia, anxiety and depression: a systematic review and Meta-analysis [J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2023, 43(3): 441-456. |
[15] | LIU Xueling, MA Kun, TAO Wenhua, XU Zhongkun, LIU Gang, HU Chunyan, MAO Weiwei, GU Chang, GUO Qi. Natural products for treatment of premature ovarian failure: a narrative review [J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2023, 43(3): 606-617. |
Viewed | ||||||
Full text |
|
|||||
Abstract |
|
|||||
Sponsored by China Association of Chinese Medicine
& China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences
16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen Nei, Beijing, China. 100700 Email: jtcmen@126.com
Copyright 2020 Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine. All rights reserved.