Jianchang No. 1 (健肠1号) formula alleviates irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea via improving gut microbiota and regulating toll-like receptors/nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway in bowel syndrome with diarrhea rats

doi:10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.2026.04.009

Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (4): 883-893.DOI: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.2026.04.009

• Original Articles • Previous Articles Next Articles

Jianchang No. 1 (健肠1号) formula alleviates irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea via improving gut microbiota and regulating toll-like receptors/nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway in bowel syndrome with diarrhea rats

LIU Yutong¹, YANG Yan², XU Huiying¹, LI Lei¹, GE Fei³(), CHEN Meijuan¹()

¹ School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
² Department of Pharmacy, Haian Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nantong 226600, China
³ Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Central Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Haian Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nantong 226600, China

Received:2025-06-06 Accepted:2025-10-13 Online:2026-08-15 Published:2026-08-08
Contact: GE Fei, Department of Gastroenterology, Haian Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nantong 226600, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Central Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wu Xi 214000, China. ha9099@163.com;
Prof. CHEN Meijuan, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China. mjchen@njucm.edu.cn,Telephone: +86-25-85811389
Supported by:
The Medical Research Project of Jiangsu Provincial Health Commission: Study on the Material Basis and Molecular Targets of Modified Tongxie Yaofang in Treating Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome Based on the Protein Kinase A/5-Hydroxytryptamine Signaling Pathway(M2022024);Scientific Research Project of Jiangsu Chinese Medicine Society: Efficacy Evaluation and Mechanism Study of Jianchang No. 1 Prescription in Treating Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Diarrhea of Liver Depression and Spleen Deficiency Type by Intervening in the Protein Kinase A/5-Hydroxytryptamine Signaling Pathway(2024041);Wuxi Municipal Health Commission Scientific and Technological Achievements and Appropriate Technology Promotion Project: Clinical Application and Promotion of Jianchang No. 1 Prescription in the Treatment of Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome(T202422);Nantong Municipal Health Commission Scientific Research Project: Efficacy Evaluation and Mechanism Study of Jianpi Xingjiu Formula in Treating Mild to Moderate Alcohol Intoxication(MSZ2024087);Key Project of Nantong Traditional Chinese Medicine Alliance: Efficacy Evaluation and Mechanism Study of Lianyin Zhihan Formula in Treating Menopausal Hyperhidrosis in Women(TZYK202315)

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Abstract

Abstract:

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of Jianchang No. 1 (健肠1号) in treating irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D) and to explore its underlying mechanisms of action.

METHODS: IBS-D rat models were established through a combination of chronic restraint stress, water avoidance stress, and the administration of senna decoction. Body weight, fecal water content (FWC), and intestinal capacity threshold in IBS-D rats were monitored before and after treatment. Pathological alterations in colon tissue were examined using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), along with LPS content in colon tissue were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 16S rRNA sequencing technology was employed to assess the abundance and compositional shifts within the gut microbiota. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunofluorescence were employed to determine gene and protein expression in colonic samples.

RESULTS: Jianchang No. 1 treatment restored body weight, lowered FWC, and raised the intestinal capacity threshold in IBS-D rats. Meanwhile, Jianchang No. 1 enhanced both the richness and composition of the gut microbiota. Moreover, Jianchang No. 1 markedly upregulated the tight-junction proteins zonula occludens-1 and occludin together with the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10, while simultaneously downregulating the LPS-toll-like receptor (TLR) 2/4- myeloid differentiation factor 88- nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) axis and the downstream pro-inflammatory mediators interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, together with interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma.

CONCLUSIONS: Jianchang No. 1 maintains intestinal barrier integrity by reshaping gut-microbial diversity and composition, dampening the TLR/NF-κB signaling cascade, and thereby alleviating low-grade colonic inflammation and its attendant clinical symptoms in IBS-D rats.

Key words: irritable bowel syndrome, diarrhea, gastrointestinal microbiome, toll-like receptors, NF-kappa B, signal transduction, inflammation, Jianchang No. 1

LIU Yutong, YANG Yan, XU Huiying, LI Lei, GE Fei, CHEN Meijuan. Jianchang No. 1 (健肠1号) formula alleviates irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea via improving gut microbiota and regulating toll-like receptors/nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway in bowel syndrome with diarrhea rats[J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2026, 46(4): 883-893.

Figures/Tables 6

Table 1 Body weight, Fecal water content and Colorectal distension change in the different groups ($\bar{x}±s$)

Group	n	Body weight (g)		FWC (%)		Colorectal distension (mL)
Group	n	Before medication	After medication	Before medication	Before medication	Before medication	Before medication
Normal	8	403.90±17.48	463.40±19.40	43.51±18.82	37.18±9.73	2.63±0.12	2.57±0.17
Model	8	320.47±17.17^a	356.40±19.61^a	82.70±12.40^a	82.15±4.74^a	1.67±0.34^a	1.27±0.09^a
Jianchang-L	8	317.33±3.96^a	395.93±8.10	87.24±6.62^a	52.20±7.76^b	1.70±0.08^a	1.97±0.12^b
Jianchang-M	8	320.37±8.48^a	407.30±10.64^b	83.37±9.39^a	43.00±12.71^b	1.60±0.08^a	2.33±0.25^b
Jianchang-H	8	320.70±9.78^a	431.37±14.52^b	86.84±6.16^a	32.68±8.55^b	1.60±0.16^a	2.00±0.08^b
Pinaverium bromide	8	330.63±15.71^a	393.47±20.25	80.07±8.37^a	55.06±8.01^b	1.47±0.34^a	2.00±0.28^b

Figure 1 Results of intestinal pathological examination A: Normal group; B: Model group; C: Jianchang-L group; D: Jianchang-M group; E: Jianchang-H group; F: Pinaverium bromide group. Normal group: healthy cases; Model group: animal model of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome without treatment; Jianchang-L group: animal model of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome rats treated with Jianchang No. 1 at a daily dose of 0.5 g/mL (1 mL/100 g) for 2 week; Jianchang-M group: animal model of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome rats treated with Jianchang No. 1 at a daily dose of 1 g/mL (1 mL/100 g) for 2 week; Jianchang-H group: animal model of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome rats treated with Jianchang No. 1 at a daily dose of 2 g/mL (1 mL/100 g) for 2 week; Pinaverium bromide group: animal model of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome rats treated with Pinaverium bromide at a daily dose of 1.5 mg/mL (1 mL/100 g) for 2 week. Colon sections from all groups were stained with HE to assess changes in morphology. Method multiplier, × 200. HE: hematoxylin and eosin.

Figure 2 Effect of Jianchang No. 1 on the gut microbiota in IBS-D rats A: changes in Simpson's index of the gut microbiota in rats of each group; B: PCoA score plots were obtained through β-diversity analysis; C: changes in the gut MDI of rats in each group; D: relative abundance of Lactobacillus_murinus in the gut microbiota of rats from each group; E: relative abundance of Lachno_NK4A in the gut microbiota of rats from each group; F: relative abundance of Oscil_uncl in the gut microbiota of rats from each group; G: relative abundance of Rumin_N15 in the gut microbiota of rats from each group. Normal group: healthy cases; Model group: animal model of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome without treatment; Jianchang-M group: animal model of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome rats treated with Jianchang No. 1 at a daily dose of 1 g/mL (1 mL/100 g) for 2 week; Jianchang-H group: animal model of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome rats treated with Jianchang No. 1 at a daily dose of 2 g/mL (1 mL/100 g) for 2 week. IBS-D: irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea; MDI: microbiota dysbiosis index; OTUs: operational taxonomic units; PCoA: principal co-ordinates analysis; Lachno_NK4A: unclassified_g__Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group; Oscil_uncl: unclassified_g__norank_f__ Oscillospiraceae; Rumin_N15: Ruminococcus_sp._N15.MGS-57_g__Ruminococcus. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (n = 8). One-way analysis of variance was adopted for statistical analysis. Compared with the normal group, aP < 0.05; compared with the model group, bP < 0.05.

Table 2 LPS content changes in the different groups (EU/L, $\bar{x}±s$)

Group	n	Colon tissue	Serum
Normal	8	48.5±5.2	140.7±4.7
Model	8	115.3±8.8^a	237.3±48.^2a
Jianchang-L	8	70.4±3.8^b	124.5±7.0^b
Jianchang-M	8	67.2±1.57^b	83.0±9.8^b
Jianchang-H	8	39.2±13.0^b	49.2±15.3^b

Figure 3 Jianchang No. 1 maintains intestinal barrier integrity in IBS-D rats A: Western blot analyses of Occludin and ZO-1 protein expression in colon tissues; B: statistical graphs of Occludin protein expression levels; C: statistical graphs of ZO-1 protein expression levels; D: statistical graphs of Occludin mRNA expression levels; E: statistical graphs of ZO-1 mRNA expression levels. Normal group: healthy cases; Model group: animal model of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome without treatment; Jianchang-M group: animal model of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome rats treated with Jianchang No. 1 at a daily dose of 1 g/mL (1 mL/100 g) for 2 week; Jianchang-H group: animal model of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome rats treated with Jianchang No. 1 at a daily dose of 2 g/mL (1 mL/100 g) for 2 week. GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; ZO-1: zonula occludens-1. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (n = 8). One-way analysis of variance was adopted for statistical analysis. Compared with the normal group, aP < 0.05; compared with the model group, bP < 0.05.

Figure 4 Effect of Jianchang No. 1 on the expression of TLRs/NF-κB signaling pathway-related proteins in colon tissue of IBS-D rats A: Western blot analyses of TLRs/NF-κB signaling pathway-related proteins in colon tissues; B: statistical graphs of TLR2 Protein expression levels; C: statistical graphs of TLR4 Protein expression levels; D: statistical graphs of MyD88 Protein expression levels; E: statistical graphs of IκBα protein phosphorylation levels; F: statistical graphs of NF-κB p65 protein phosphorylation levels; G: statistical graphs of TLR2 mRNA expression levels; H: statistical graphs of TLR4 mRNA expression levels. Normal group: healthy cases; Model group: animal model of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome without treatment; Jianchang-M group: animal model of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome rats treated with Jianchang No. 1 at a daily dose of 1 g/mL (1 mL/100 g) for 2 week; Jianchang-H group: animal model of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome rats treated with Jianchang No. 1 at a daily dose of 2 g/mL (1 mL/100 g) for 2 week. IκBα: inhibitor of κB alpha; MyD88: myeloid differentiation factor 88; NF-κB p65: nuclear factor kappa B p65; p-IκBα: phosphorylated IκBα; p-NF-κB p65: phosphorylated NF-κB p65; TLR: toll-like receptor; IBS-D: irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (n = 8). One-way analysis of variance was adopted for statistical analysis. Compared with the normal group, aP < 0.05; compared with the model group, bP < 0.05.

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Jianchang No. 1 (健肠1号) formula alleviates irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea via improving gut microbiota and regulating toll-like receptors/nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway in bowel syndrome with diarrhea rats

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