Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine ›› 2022, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (5): 741-748.DOI: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.2022.05.007
• Research Articles • Previous Articles Next Articles
Protective efficacy of dark chocolate in letrozole-induced ovary toxicity model rats: hormonal, biochemical, and histopathological investigation
Naser Mirazi1(
), Sheida Hesami1, Alireza Nourian2, Abdolkarim Hosseini3
- 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6517433391, Iran
2 Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6517433391, Iran
3 Department of Animal Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983969411, Iran
-
Received:2021-11-11Accepted:2022-02-17Online:2022-10-15Published:2022-09-02 -
Contact:Naser Mirazi -
About author:Prof. Naser Mirazi, Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6517433391, Iran. mirazi205@gmail.com Telephone: +98-91-88125741
Cite this article
Naser Mirazi, Sheida Hesami, Alireza Nourian, Abdolkarim Hosseini. Protective efficacy of dark chocolate in letrozole-induced ovary toxicity model rats: hormonal, biochemical, and histopathological investigation[J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2022, 42(5): 741-748.
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Table 1 Comparison of the body weight in the experimental groups at beginning and end of experiment
| Experimental group | n | Initial | Final |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 8 | 185.4±4.0 | 200.7±4.0 |
| Letrozole | 8 | 198.0±2.9 | 242.4±2.2ac |
| Metformin (500 mg/kg) | 8 | 194.6±6.1 | 227.9±5.3ac |
| DC (500 mg/kg) | 8 | 198.7±5.8 | 218.6±5.0bde |
Table 1 Comparison of the body weight in the experimental groups at beginning and end of experiment
| Experimental group | n | Initial | Final |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 8 | 185.4±4.0 | 200.7±4.0 |
| Letrozole | 8 | 198.0±2.9 | 242.4±2.2ac |
| Metformin (500 mg/kg) | 8 | 194.6±6.1 | 227.9±5.3ac |
| DC (500 mg/kg) | 8 | 198.7±5.8 | 218.6±5.0bde |
Figure 1 Micrographs of the ovary in the different experimental groups A: control group showing PF (short arrow), SF (long arrow), and CL (star); B: letrozole group showing CF (long arrow), and SF (short arrow); C: metformin group showing CF (long arrow), SF (short arrow), and CL (star); D: DC group showing CF (long arrow), SF (white short arrow), and GF (black short arrow). Hematoxylin-eosin staining with 100× magnification. DC: dark chocolate; PF: primary follicles, SF: secondary follicles, CL: corpus luteum, CF: cystic follicles, GF: graafian follicles.
Figure 1 Micrographs of the ovary in the different experimental groups A: control group showing PF (short arrow), SF (long arrow), and CL (star); B: letrozole group showing CF (long arrow), and SF (short arrow); C: metformin group showing CF (long arrow), SF (short arrow), and CL (star); D: DC group showing CF (long arrow), SF (white short arrow), and GF (black short arrow). Hematoxylin-eosin staining with 100× magnification. DC: dark chocolate; PF: primary follicles, SF: secondary follicles, CL: corpus luteum, CF: cystic follicles, GF: graafian follicles.
Figure 2 Quantitative examination of the histology of ovarian tissue in the control, letrozole, metformin, and DC group A: primordial follicles (aP < 0.05, vs Letrozole group); B: primary follicles (aP < 0.05, vs Letrozole group); C: secondary follicles (aP < 0.05, vs Control group); D: graafian follicles (aP < 0.05, vs Control; bP < 0.05, vs Letrozole group); E: corpus luteum (aP < 0.05, vs Control; bP < 0.05, vs Letrozole group); F: cystic follicles (aP < 0.05, vs Control; bP < 0.05, vs Letrozole group). Control: rats received normal saline only; Letrozole: Rats received normal saline and letrozole (1 mg·kg-1·d-1); Metformin: rats received metformin (500 mg· kg-1·d-1) along with letrozole; DC: rats supplemented with DC (500 mg· kg-1·d-1) along with letrozole for 28 d by oral gavage. Data are shown as median (min, max) of eight animal per group. DC: dark chocolate; PMF: primordial follicles; PF: primary follicles; SF: secondary follicles; GF: graafian follicles; CL: corpus luteum; CF: cystic follicles.
Figure 2 Quantitative examination of the histology of ovarian tissue in the control, letrozole, metformin, and DC group A: primordial follicles (aP < 0.05, vs Letrozole group); B: primary follicles (aP < 0.05, vs Letrozole group); C: secondary follicles (aP < 0.05, vs Control group); D: graafian follicles (aP < 0.05, vs Control; bP < 0.05, vs Letrozole group); E: corpus luteum (aP < 0.05, vs Control; bP < 0.05, vs Letrozole group); F: cystic follicles (aP < 0.05, vs Control; bP < 0.05, vs Letrozole group). Control: rats received normal saline only; Letrozole: Rats received normal saline and letrozole (1 mg·kg-1·d-1); Metformin: rats received metformin (500 mg· kg-1·d-1) along with letrozole; DC: rats supplemented with DC (500 mg· kg-1·d-1) along with letrozole for 28 d by oral gavage. Data are shown as median (min, max) of eight animal per group. DC: dark chocolate; PMF: primordial follicles; PF: primary follicles; SF: secondary follicles; GF: graafian follicles; CL: corpus luteum; CF: cystic follicles.
Figure 3 Comparison of the sexual hormone and gonadotropins level in control, letrozole, metformin, and DC group A: LH; B: FSH; C: LH/FSH ratio; D: testosterone; E: estradiol level. Control: Rats received normal saline only; Letrozole: Rats received normal saline and letrozole (1 mg·kg-1·d-1); Metformin: rats received metformin (500 mg· kg-1·d-1) along with letrozole; DC: rats supplemented with DC (500 mg· kg-1·d-1) along with letrozole for 28 d by oral gavage. Data are shown as median (min, max) of eight animal per group. DC: dark chocolate; LH: luteinizing hormone; FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone. aP < 0.05, vs Control; bP < 0.05, vs Letrozole group.
Figure 3 Comparison of the sexual hormone and gonadotropins level in control, letrozole, metformin, and DC group A: LH; B: FSH; C: LH/FSH ratio; D: testosterone; E: estradiol level. Control: Rats received normal saline only; Letrozole: Rats received normal saline and letrozole (1 mg·kg-1·d-1); Metformin: rats received metformin (500 mg· kg-1·d-1) along with letrozole; DC: rats supplemented with DC (500 mg· kg-1·d-1) along with letrozole for 28 d by oral gavage. Data are shown as median (min, max) of eight animal per group. DC: dark chocolate; LH: luteinizing hormone; FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone. aP < 0.05, vs Control; bP < 0.05, vs Letrozole group.
Figure 4 Comparing the serum level of SOD and MDA in the control, letrozole, metformin, and DC group A: SOD; B: MDA. Control: Rats received normal saline only; Letrozole: Rats received normal saline and letrozole (1 mg·kg-1·d-1); Metformin: Rats received metformin (500 mg· kg-1·d-1) along with letrozole; DC: Rats supplemented with DC (500 mg· kg-1·d-1) along with letrozole for 28 d by oral gavage. DC: dark chocolate; SOD: superoxide dismutase; MDA: malondialdehyde. Data showing the median (min, max) is related to eight male Wistar rats. aP < 0.05, vs Control; dP < 0.05, vs Letrozole group.
Figure 4 Comparing the serum level of SOD and MDA in the control, letrozole, metformin, and DC group A: SOD; B: MDA. Control: Rats received normal saline only; Letrozole: Rats received normal saline and letrozole (1 mg·kg-1·d-1); Metformin: Rats received metformin (500 mg· kg-1·d-1) along with letrozole; DC: Rats supplemented with DC (500 mg· kg-1·d-1) along with letrozole for 28 d by oral gavage. DC: dark chocolate; SOD: superoxide dismutase; MDA: malondialdehyde. Data showing the median (min, max) is related to eight male Wistar rats. aP < 0.05, vs Control; dP < 0.05, vs Letrozole group.
Figure 5 Comparing the serum level of IL-1β and TNF-α in the control, letrozole, metformin, and DC group A: IL-1β; B: TNF-α. Control: Rats received normal saline only; Letrozole: Rats received normal saline and letrozole (1 mg·kg-1·d-1); Metformin: Rats received metformin (500 mg· kg-1·d-1) along with letrozole; DC: Rats supplemented with DC (500 mg· kg-1·d-1) along with letrozole for 28 d by oral gavage. Data showing the median (min, max) is related to eight male Wistar rats. aP < 0.05, vs Control; bP < 0.05, vs Letrozole group. DC: dark chocolate; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α.
Figure 5 Comparing the serum level of IL-1β and TNF-α in the control, letrozole, metformin, and DC group A: IL-1β; B: TNF-α. Control: Rats received normal saline only; Letrozole: Rats received normal saline and letrozole (1 mg·kg-1·d-1); Metformin: Rats received metformin (500 mg· kg-1·d-1) along with letrozole; DC: Rats supplemented with DC (500 mg· kg-1·d-1) along with letrozole for 28 d by oral gavage. Data showing the median (min, max) is related to eight male Wistar rats. aP < 0.05, vs Control; bP < 0.05, vs Letrozole group. DC: dark chocolate; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α.
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