Dujieqing decoction (毒结清复方) suppresses multiple myeloma growth by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway

doi:10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.2025.04.002

Abstract

Abstract:

OBJECTIVE: To explore the therapeutic potential of the Dujieqing (DJQ) decoction (毒结清复方) for multiple myeloma (MM) and elucidate its mechanism of action.

METHODS: RPMI8226 cells were treated with DJQ-containing serum (DJQ-CS) and a Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibitor, XAV-939. Cell counting kit-8 assay was used to examine cell viability, and flow cytometry was performed to examine apoptosis. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were used to evaluate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway family members in the cells. Subsequently, the RPMI8226 cells were subcutaneously injected into the left flank of none obesity disease and server combined immune-deficiency mice to replicate the xenograft tumor mouse models, which were treated with the DJQ decoction for 14 d. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to examine the pathological changes of the liver and kidney tissues, and to detect xenograft tumors. Wnt/β-catenin pathway family members were evaluated via Western blotting.

RESULTS: DJQ-CS significantly reduced the mRNA and protein expression levels of β-catenin, c-myc, cyclin D1, and lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1 (LEF1) while inhibiting the proliferation of RPMI8226 cells and inducing their apoptosis. Similar results were observed when the Wnt/β-catenin pathway was suppressed by inhibitors. Moreover, in the mouse model of xenograft tumors, DJQ decoction not only reduced the tumor volume but also inhibited the protein levels of β-catenin, c-myc, cyclin D1, and LEF1. The histopathology of the mice also showed increased apoptosis in tumor tissues, while the DJQ decoction treatment did not cause any pathological damage to the kidneys or liver.

CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that the DJQ decoction suppresses tumor progression by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, offering a promising treatment approach for MM.

Key words: multiple myeloma, Wnt signaling pathway, beta Catenin, Dujieqing decoction

XU Jiawei, LU Haisong, SHI Yushi, LEI Yu, LI Xueping, CHENG Weimin. Dujieqing decoction (毒结清复方) suppresses multiple myeloma growth by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway[J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025, 45(4): 720-729.

Figures/Tables 5

Table 1 Key components of DJQ-containing serum

Number	Quasi-molecular ion	RT (min)	Calc. MW	Group area	Formula	Identification
1	[M+H]+1	1.249	161.1052	7.08E+08	C₇ H₁₅ N O₃	L(-)-Carnitine
2	[M+H]+1	1.462	143.0946	1.89E+09	C₇ H₁₃ N O₂	DL-Stachydrine
3	[M+H]+1	1.638	203.1158	1.55E+08	C₉ H₁₇ N O₄	Acetyl-L-carnitine
4	[M+H]+1	2.233	122.0483	1.27E+09	C₆ H₆ N₂ O	Nicotinamide
5	[M-H]-1	2.715	129.0415	5.93E+08	C₅ H₇ N O₃	L-Phenylalanine
6	[M+H]+1	5.135	165.079	5.8E+09	C₉ H₁₁ N O₂	Scopoletin
7	[M+H]+1	11.373	192.0425	8.53E+08	C₁₀ H₈ O₄	Quercetin
8	[M+H]+1	12.14	302.0426	4.45E+08	C₁₅ H₁₀ O₇	Taxifolin
9	[M+H]+1	12.792	304.0581	7.43E+08	C₁₅ H₁₂ O₇	Emodin
10	[M+H]+1	13.084	270.0528	2.98E+08	C₁₅ H₁₀ O₅	Daidzein
11	[M+H]+1	14.011	254.0577	6.54E+08	C₁₅ H₁₀ O₄	Bis(4-ethylbenzylidene)sorbitol
12	[M+H]+1	17.537	414.2039	2.43E+08	C₂₄ H₃₀ O₆	Glycodeoxycholic acid
13	[M-H]-1	17.66	449.3146	18731659	C₂₆ H₄₃ N O₅	Dipropyleneglycol dibenzoate
14	[M+Na]+1	18.141	342.1463	2.54E+09	C₂₀ H₂₂ O₅	Dibutyl phthalate
15	[M+H]+1	18.494	278.1516	3.17E+09	C₁₆ H₂₂ O₄	Deoxycholic acid
16	[M-H]-1	19.95	392.2927	3.53E+08	C₂₄ H₄₀ O₄	Palmitoleic acid
17	[M-H]-1	21.676	254.2244	62206233	C₁₆ H₃₀ O₂	Palmitic acid
18	[M-H]-1	22.599	256.2403	2.05E+08	C₁₆ H₃₂ O₂	Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
19	[M+H]+1	23.022	390.2765	6.99E+08	C₂₄ H₃₈ O₄	Stearic acid
20	[M-H]-1	23.902	284.2717	2.01E+08	C₁₈ H₃₆ O₂	4-oxoproline

Figure 1 Cell viability of RPMI8226 cells following various treatments assessed by CCK-8 assays A: cells treated with FBS (1% and 10%) and RS (5%, 10%, and 20%) for 24 h; B: cells treated with DJQ-CS (0%, 2%, 4%, 8%, 16%, and 20%) for 24 h; C: cells treated with 20% DJQ-CS for 24 h, assessed at different time points (0, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h); D: cells treated with DJQ-CS (0%, 5%, 10%, and 20%) for 24 h; E: cells treated with XAV-939 (0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 μmol/mL) for 24 h; F: cells treated with 2 μmol/mL XAV-939 for 24 h. 1%FBS group: treated with 1%FBS for 24 h; 10%FBS group: treated with 10%FBS for 24 h; 5%RS group: treated with 5%RS for 24 h; 10%RS group: treated with 10%RS for 24 h; 20%RS group: treated with 20%RS for 24 h; Control group: treated with 10%FBS for 24 h; 5%DJQ-CS group: treated with 5%DJQ-CS for 24 h; 10%DJQ-CS group: treated with 10%DJQ-CS for 24 h; 20%DJQ-CS group: treated with 20%DJQ-CS for 24 h; DMSO group: treated with DMSO for 24 h; XAV-939 group: 2 μmol/mL XAV-939 for 24 h. FBS: fetal bovine serum; RS: rat serum; DJQ-CS: Dujieqing-containing serum; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; CCK8: cell counting kit-8. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare more than two groups, followed by the least significant difference test to detect differences between groups. The data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). Compared with 0% DJQ-CS treatment group (control), aP < 0.05; compared with control group; bP < 0.05.

Figure 2 Relative mRNA and protein of Wnt/β-catein of RPMI8226 cells following various treatments assessed by RT-PCR and WB assays A: RT-PCR analysis of β-catenin, c-myc, cyclin D1, and LEF1 mRNA levels after treatment with different doses of DJQ-CS (0%, 5%, 10%, and 20%) and XAV-939 for 24 h; B: WB analysis of β-catenin, c-myc, cyclin D1, and LEF1 protein levels; C: comparison results of β-catenin, c-myc, cyclin D1, and LEF1 protein levels. Control group: treated with 10%FBS for 24 h; 5%DJQ-CS group: treated with 5%DJQ-CS for 24 h; 10%DJQ-CS group: treated with 10%DJQ-CS for 24 h; 20%DJQ-CS group: treated with 20%DJQ-CS for 24 h; XAV-939 group: 2 μmol/mL XAV-939 for 24 h. LEF1: lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; RT-PCR: real-time polymerase chain reaction; WB: western blotting. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare more than two groups, followed by the least significant difference test to detect differences between groups. The data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). Compared with control group, aP < 0.05.

Figure 3 DJQ decoction suppressed xenograft tumor growth in model mice and effects of DJQ decoction on liver and kidney of mouse A: the weight of the mice was determined at 3-day intervals; B: the tumor volume of mice after treated 14-d; C: the tumor weight of mice after treated 14 d; D: the tumor of mice after treated 14 d; D1: the tumor of model mice; D2: the tumor of low dose of DJQ group mice; D3: the tumor of medium dose of DJQ group mice; D4: the tumor of high dose of DJQ group mice; D5: the tumor of XAV-939 group mice; E: the morphological changes in the liver and kidneys were analyzed through HE staining (Scale bar = 100 μm × 200). E1: the liver of model mice; E2: the liver of low dose of DJQ group mice; E3: the liver of medium dose of DJQ group mice; E4: the liver of high dose of DJQ group mice; E5: the liver of XAV-939 group mice. E6: the kidney of model mice; E7: the kidney of low dose of DJQ group mice; E8: the kidney of medium dose of DJQ group mice; E9: the kidney of high dose of DJQ group mice; E10: the kidney of XAV-939 group mice. Blank group: without xenograft model; Model group: without any treatment; Low dose of DJQ group: treated with 18 g/kg DJQ for 14 d; Medium dose of DJQ group: treated with 36 g/kg DJQ for 14 d; High dose of DJQ group: treated with 72 g/kg DJQ for 14 d; XAV-939 group: treated with 2 mg/kg XAV-939 for 14 d. DJQ: Dujieqing decoction; HE: Hematoxylin and eosin staining. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare more than two groups, followed by the least significant difference test to detect differences between groups. The data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (n = 6). Compared with model group, aP < 0.05.

Figure 4 Relative protein of Wnt/β-catenin of model mice following various treatments assessed by WB assays A: Western blot analysis of the protein expression of tumor; B: comparison results of protein. Model group: without any treatment; Low dose of DJQ group: treated with 18 g/kg DJQ for 14 d; Medium dose of DJQ group: treated with 36 g/kg DJQ for 14 d; High dose of DJQ group: treated with 72 g/kg DJQ for 14 d; XAV-939 group: treated with 2 mg/kg XAV-939 for 14 d. DJQ: Dujieqing decoction; WB: Western blotting. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare more than two groups, followed by the least significant difference test to detect differences between groups. The data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (n = 6). Compared with model group, aP < 0.05.

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