Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine ›› 2024, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (3): 417-426.DOI: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.20240402.003
• Meta-Analyses • Next Articles
ZHU Ruifang1,3, ZHANG Jun2, LYU Yaru2, CHEN Yulu2, HAN Shifan3(), WANG Hongwei1()
Received:
2023-07-16
Accepted:
2023-10-31
Online:
2024-06-15
Published:
2024-04-02
Contact:
WANG Hongwei, Haematology Department, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi 030001, China. Supported by:
ZHU Ruifang, ZHANG Jun, LYU Yaru, CHEN Yulu, HAN Shifan, WANG Hongwei. Efficacy of substances containing 3 types of active ingredients-saponins, flavones, and alkaloids in regulation of cytokines in autoimmune diseases a systematic review and Meta-analysis based on animal studies[J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2024, 44(3): 417-426.
Literature | Type of disease | Interventional substance | Type of animal | No. of animals (male/female) | Animal weight (g) | Outcome indicator | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Saponins | |||||||
Zhang Y 200512 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Total saponins of Jixiangcao (Pink reineckia) | Wistar rats | 70/0 | 180-220 | 1 | |
Ma HL 200813 | Systemic lupus erythematosus | Esculentoside | BXSB mice | 24/0 | 20-25 | 4, 7 | |
Huang Q et al 201314 | Autoimmune thyroiditis | Ginsenosides | Wistar rats | 0/40 | 180-200 | 2, 3 | |
Gu SD 201315 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Chibao (Thladiantha dubia) | SD rats | 80/0 | 160-180 | 4, 5 | |
Chen JY 201416 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Ginsenosides | SD rats | 80/0 | 100-140 | 1, 3 | |
Feng XH et al 201517 | Autoimmune thyroiditis | Ginsenosides | Wistar rats | 0/40 | 180-200 | 4, 7 | |
Cao YJ et al 201618 | Hashimoto's thyroiditis | Water-soluble total saponins of Chuanshanlong (Rhizoma Dioscoreae Nipponicae) | Wistar rats | 0/40 | 180-200 | 2, 3 | |
Huang YN 201919 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Escin | SD rats | 60/0 | 180-220 | 4, 7 | |
Zeng HL 202020 | Systemic lupus erythematosus | Esculentoside | - | 0/24 | 18-22 | 5, 6 | |
Xu W 202121 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Ginsenosides | C57BL/6 mice | 0/30 | 16-18 | 4, 5, 8 | |
Xia FL et al 202122 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Dioscin | C57BL/6 mice | 0/40 | 20-30 | 3, 6, 8 | |
Ma CJ et al 202123 | Autoimmune thyroiditis | Ginsenosides | BALB/C mice | 0/30 | 16-18 | 3, 8 | |
Flavones | |||||||
Feng GY 200924 | Autoimmune gastritis | Dihydromyricetin | SD rats | 30/30 | 180-220 | 2, 3 | |
Zhong J 201325 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Huangqin (Scutellaria baicalensis) stem-leaf total flavonoid | C57BL/6 mice | 90/0 | 16-20 | 5, 8 | |
Zhong J 201326 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Total flavonoids from Laoyingcha (Litsea Coreana Levl) | C57BL/6 mice | 60/0 | 180-220 | 1, 7 | |
Zhong C 201627 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Total flavonoids of Astragalus | Wistar rats | 42/0 | 200-240 | 1, 7 | |
Li YN et al 201828 | Thromboangiitis obliterans | Total flavonoids of Guoshanjue (Camptosorus sibiricus Rupr.) | Wistar rats | 70/0 | 180-220 | 4, 7 | |
Wang HX 202029 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Cyanidin-3-O-Glucoside | SD rats | 72/0 | — | 2, 4, 5, 7, 8 | |
Li QL et al 202130 | Hashimoto's thyroiditis | Total flavones of Yinyanghuo (Epimedium) | HT rats | 0/60 | 150-180 | 4, 5, 6, 8 | |
Alkaloids | |||||||
Guo L et al 200431 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Sinomenine | Wistar rats | 0/36 | 180-200 | 5, 7, 8 | |
Wang LQ et al 200932 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Tetrandrine | Wistar rats | 0/30 | 180-220 | 8 | |
Guo XB et al 201033 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Matrine | Wistar rats | 0/40 | 180-220 | 3, 8 | |
Guo X et al 201034 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Oxymatrine | Wistar rats | 0/40 | 180-220 | 7 | |
Zhao XY 201135 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Matrine | Wistar rats | 0/40 | 180-220 | 6 | |
Liu N 201336 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Matrine | Wistar rats | 0/50 | 180-220 | 3, 5 | |
Yang DQ 201437 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Sinomeninec | SD rats | 50/50 | 180-220 | 5, 8 | |
Guo XB et al 201538 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Matrine | Wistar rats | 0/30 | 180-220 | 5 | |
Zhu ZG et al 201539 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Berberine | Lewis rats | 0/24 | 150-180 | 5, 7, 8 | |
Li N 201740 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Leonurine | DBA/1 mice | 32/0 | 18-22 | 1, 4, 7 | |
Zhao ZM 201841 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Sinomenine | DBA/1 mice | 30/0 | 20-30 | 3, 4, 5, 7 | |
Tan MA 201842 | Autoimmune hepatitis | Sinomenine | Wistar rats | 0/42 | 190-220 | 2, 5 |
Table 1 Basic characteristics of 31 studies
Literature | Type of disease | Interventional substance | Type of animal | No. of animals (male/female) | Animal weight (g) | Outcome indicator | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Saponins | |||||||
Zhang Y 200512 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Total saponins of Jixiangcao (Pink reineckia) | Wistar rats | 70/0 | 180-220 | 1 | |
Ma HL 200813 | Systemic lupus erythematosus | Esculentoside | BXSB mice | 24/0 | 20-25 | 4, 7 | |
Huang Q et al 201314 | Autoimmune thyroiditis | Ginsenosides | Wistar rats | 0/40 | 180-200 | 2, 3 | |
Gu SD 201315 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Chibao (Thladiantha dubia) | SD rats | 80/0 | 160-180 | 4, 5 | |
Chen JY 201416 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Ginsenosides | SD rats | 80/0 | 100-140 | 1, 3 | |
Feng XH et al 201517 | Autoimmune thyroiditis | Ginsenosides | Wistar rats | 0/40 | 180-200 | 4, 7 | |
Cao YJ et al 201618 | Hashimoto's thyroiditis | Water-soluble total saponins of Chuanshanlong (Rhizoma Dioscoreae Nipponicae) | Wistar rats | 0/40 | 180-200 | 2, 3 | |
Huang YN 201919 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Escin | SD rats | 60/0 | 180-220 | 4, 7 | |
Zeng HL 202020 | Systemic lupus erythematosus | Esculentoside | - | 0/24 | 18-22 | 5, 6 | |
Xu W 202121 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Ginsenosides | C57BL/6 mice | 0/30 | 16-18 | 4, 5, 8 | |
Xia FL et al 202122 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Dioscin | C57BL/6 mice | 0/40 | 20-30 | 3, 6, 8 | |
Ma CJ et al 202123 | Autoimmune thyroiditis | Ginsenosides | BALB/C mice | 0/30 | 16-18 | 3, 8 | |
Flavones | |||||||
Feng GY 200924 | Autoimmune gastritis | Dihydromyricetin | SD rats | 30/30 | 180-220 | 2, 3 | |
Zhong J 201325 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Huangqin (Scutellaria baicalensis) stem-leaf total flavonoid | C57BL/6 mice | 90/0 | 16-20 | 5, 8 | |
Zhong J 201326 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Total flavonoids from Laoyingcha (Litsea Coreana Levl) | C57BL/6 mice | 60/0 | 180-220 | 1, 7 | |
Zhong C 201627 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Total flavonoids of Astragalus | Wistar rats | 42/0 | 200-240 | 1, 7 | |
Li YN et al 201828 | Thromboangiitis obliterans | Total flavonoids of Guoshanjue (Camptosorus sibiricus Rupr.) | Wistar rats | 70/0 | 180-220 | 4, 7 | |
Wang HX 202029 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Cyanidin-3-O-Glucoside | SD rats | 72/0 | — | 2, 4, 5, 7, 8 | |
Li QL et al 202130 | Hashimoto's thyroiditis | Total flavones of Yinyanghuo (Epimedium) | HT rats | 0/60 | 150-180 | 4, 5, 6, 8 | |
Alkaloids | |||||||
Guo L et al 200431 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Sinomenine | Wistar rats | 0/36 | 180-200 | 5, 7, 8 | |
Wang LQ et al 200932 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Tetrandrine | Wistar rats | 0/30 | 180-220 | 8 | |
Guo XB et al 201033 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Matrine | Wistar rats | 0/40 | 180-220 | 3, 8 | |
Guo X et al 201034 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Oxymatrine | Wistar rats | 0/40 | 180-220 | 7 | |
Zhao XY 201135 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Matrine | Wistar rats | 0/40 | 180-220 | 6 | |
Liu N 201336 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Matrine | Wistar rats | 0/50 | 180-220 | 3, 5 | |
Yang DQ 201437 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Sinomeninec | SD rats | 50/50 | 180-220 | 5, 8 | |
Guo XB et al 201538 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Matrine | Wistar rats | 0/30 | 180-220 | 5 | |
Zhu ZG et al 201539 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Berberine | Lewis rats | 0/24 | 150-180 | 5, 7, 8 | |
Li N 201740 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Leonurine | DBA/1 mice | 32/0 | 18-22 | 1, 4, 7 | |
Zhao ZM 201841 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Sinomenine | DBA/1 mice | 30/0 | 20-30 | 3, 4, 5, 7 | |
Tan MA 201842 | Autoimmune hepatitis | Sinomenine | Wistar rats | 0/42 | 190-220 | 2, 5 |
Literature | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zhang Y 200512 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Ma HL 200813 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Huang Q et al 201314 | Y | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Gu SD 201315 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Chen JY 201416 | U | U | U | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Feng XH et al 201517 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Cao YJ et al 201618 | Y | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Huang YN 201919 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Zeng HL 202020 | Y | U | U | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Xu W 202121 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Xia FL et al 202122 | U | U | U | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Ma CJ et al 202123 | Y | U | U | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Feng GY 200924 | Y | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Zhong J 201325 | U | U | U | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Zhong J 201326 | U | U | U | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Zhong C 201627 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Li YN et al 201828 | Y | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Wang HX 202029 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Li QL et al 202130 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Guo L et al 200431 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Wang LQ et al 200932 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Guo XB et al 201033 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Guo X et al 201034 | U | U | U | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Zhao XY 201135 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Liu N 201336 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Yang DQ 201437 | Y | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | Y | U |
Guo XB et al 201538 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Zhu ZG et al 201539 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Li N 201740 | U | U | U | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Zhao ZM 201841 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Tan MA 201842 | U | U | U | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Table 2 Risk of bias assessment results
Literature | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zhang Y 200512 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Ma HL 200813 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Huang Q et al 201314 | Y | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Gu SD 201315 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Chen JY 201416 | U | U | U | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Feng XH et al 201517 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Cao YJ et al 201618 | Y | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Huang YN 201919 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Zeng HL 202020 | Y | U | U | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Xu W 202121 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Xia FL et al 202122 | U | U | U | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Ma CJ et al 202123 | Y | U | U | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Feng GY 200924 | Y | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Zhong J 201325 | U | U | U | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Zhong J 201326 | U | U | U | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Zhong C 201627 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Li YN et al 201828 | Y | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Wang HX 202029 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Li QL et al 202130 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Guo L et al 200431 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Wang LQ et al 200932 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Guo XB et al 201033 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Guo X et al 201034 | U | U | U | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Zhao XY 201135 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Liu N 201336 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Yang DQ 201437 | Y | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | Y | U |
Guo XB et al 201538 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Zhu ZG et al 201539 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Li N 201740 | U | U | U | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Zhao ZM 201841 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Tan MA 201842 | U | U | U | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Outcome indicator | Subtype and total | No. of studies included | Sample size (animals) | Heterogeneity tests | Effect model | Meta-analysis results | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intervention group | Model group | I 2 (%) | P value | SMD (95% CI) | P value | |||||
IL-1β | Saponins | 1 | 8 | 8 | - | - | Random | -1.03 (-2.09, 0.03) | 0.06 | |
Flavones | 2 | 17 | 17 | 0 | 0.42 | Fixed | -1.69 (-2.51, -0.87) | <0.0001 | ||
Alkaloids | 1 | 8 | 8 | - | - | Random | -3.98 (-5.85, -2.11) | <0.0001 | ||
Total | 4 | 33 | 33 | 62 | 0.05 | Random | -1.94 (-2.99, -0.90) | 0.0003 | ||
IL-2 | Saponins | 2 | 16 | 16 | 0 | 0.32 | Fixed | -0.74 (-1.47, -0.01) | 0.05 | |
Flavones | 2 | 34 | 34 | 64 | 0.10 | Random | 0.63 (-0.29, 1.55) | 0.18 | ||
Alkaloids | 1 | 7 | 7 | - | - | Random | -4.97 (-7.38, -2.56) | <0.0001 | ||
Total | 5 | 57 | 57 | 86 | <0.0001 | Random | -0.63 (-1.82, 0.57) | 0.30 | ||
IL-4 | Saponins | 5 | 44 | 44 | 87 | <0.00001 | Random | 0.49 (-0.87, 1.85) | 0.48 | |
Flavones | 2 | 34 | 34 | 74 | 0.05 | Random | -0.57 (-1.68,0.53) | 0.31 | ||
Alkaloids | 3 | 25 | 25 | 83 | 0.002 | Random | 5.37 (1.78,8.95) | 0.003 | ||
Total | 10 | 103 | 103 | 90 | <0.00001 | Random | 1.30 (0.15, 2.44) | 0.03 | ||
IL-6 | Saponins | 5 | 40 | 40 | 78 | 0.001 | Random | -1.71 (-2.92, -0.51) | 0.005 | |
Flavones | 3 | 40 | 40 | 48 | 0.14 | Fixed | -0.93 (-1.40, -0.45) | 0.0001 | ||
Alkaloids | 2 | 13 | 13 | 58 | 0.12 | Random | -2.65 (-4.81, -0.49) | 0.02 | ||
Total | 10 | 93 | 93 | 70 | 0.0005 | Random | -1.65 (-2.33, -0.97) | <0.00001 | ||
IL-10 | Saponins | 3 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 0.79 | Fixed | 4.19 (3.06, 5.31) | <0.00001 | |
Flavones | 3 | 38 | 38 | 18 | 0.30 | Fixed | 0.91 (0.43, 1.40) | 0.0002 | ||
Alkaloids | 7 | 53 | 51 | 32 | 0.19 | Fixed | 1.67 (1.18, 2.15) | <0.00001 | ||
Total | 13 | 115 | 113 | 70 | <0.0001 | Random | 2.05 (1.39, 2.70) | <0.00001 | ||
IL-17 | Saponins | 2 | 18 | 18 | 0 | 0.72 | Fixed | -3.62 (-4.47, -2.47) | <0.00001 | |
Flavones | 1 | 6 | 6 | - | - | Random | -1.29 (-2.59, 0.00) | 0.05 | ||
Alkaloids | 1 | 10 | 10 | - | - | Random | -1.57 (-2.60, -0.54) | 0.003 | ||
Total | 4 | 34 | 34 | 68 | 0.03 | Random | -2.41 (-3.61, -1.20) | <0.0001 | ||
TNF-α | Saponins | 3 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 0.37 | Fixed | -0.78 (-1.36, -0.21) | 0.008 | |
Flavones | 4 | 51 | 51 | 90 | <0.00001 | Random | -1.68 (-3.35, -0.02) | 0.05 | ||
Alkaloids | 5 | 37 | 37 | 74 | 0.004 | Random | -2.83 (-4.24, -1.42) | <0.0001 | ||
Total | 12 | 114 | 114 | 84 | <0.00001 | Random | -1.86 (-2.69, -1.03) | <0.0001 | ||
IFN-γ | Saponins | 3 | 26 | 26 | 84 | 0.002 | Random | -3.27 (-5.68, -0.87) | 0.008 | |
Flavones | 3 | 38 | 38 | 89 | 0.0001 | Random | 0.73 (-1.57, 3.03) | 0.54 | ||
Alkaloids | 5 | 41 | 39 | 70 | 0.009 | Random | -1.70 (-2.73, -0.68) | 0.001 | ||
Total | 11 | 105 | 103 | 82 | 0.00001 | Random | -1.54 (-2.43, -0.65) | 0.0007 |
Table 3 Meta-analysis results
Outcome indicator | Subtype and total | No. of studies included | Sample size (animals) | Heterogeneity tests | Effect model | Meta-analysis results | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intervention group | Model group | I 2 (%) | P value | SMD (95% CI) | P value | |||||
IL-1β | Saponins | 1 | 8 | 8 | - | - | Random | -1.03 (-2.09, 0.03) | 0.06 | |
Flavones | 2 | 17 | 17 | 0 | 0.42 | Fixed | -1.69 (-2.51, -0.87) | <0.0001 | ||
Alkaloids | 1 | 8 | 8 | - | - | Random | -3.98 (-5.85, -2.11) | <0.0001 | ||
Total | 4 | 33 | 33 | 62 | 0.05 | Random | -1.94 (-2.99, -0.90) | 0.0003 | ||
IL-2 | Saponins | 2 | 16 | 16 | 0 | 0.32 | Fixed | -0.74 (-1.47, -0.01) | 0.05 | |
Flavones | 2 | 34 | 34 | 64 | 0.10 | Random | 0.63 (-0.29, 1.55) | 0.18 | ||
Alkaloids | 1 | 7 | 7 | - | - | Random | -4.97 (-7.38, -2.56) | <0.0001 | ||
Total | 5 | 57 | 57 | 86 | <0.0001 | Random | -0.63 (-1.82, 0.57) | 0.30 | ||
IL-4 | Saponins | 5 | 44 | 44 | 87 | <0.00001 | Random | 0.49 (-0.87, 1.85) | 0.48 | |
Flavones | 2 | 34 | 34 | 74 | 0.05 | Random | -0.57 (-1.68,0.53) | 0.31 | ||
Alkaloids | 3 | 25 | 25 | 83 | 0.002 | Random | 5.37 (1.78,8.95) | 0.003 | ||
Total | 10 | 103 | 103 | 90 | <0.00001 | Random | 1.30 (0.15, 2.44) | 0.03 | ||
IL-6 | Saponins | 5 | 40 | 40 | 78 | 0.001 | Random | -1.71 (-2.92, -0.51) | 0.005 | |
Flavones | 3 | 40 | 40 | 48 | 0.14 | Fixed | -0.93 (-1.40, -0.45) | 0.0001 | ||
Alkaloids | 2 | 13 | 13 | 58 | 0.12 | Random | -2.65 (-4.81, -0.49) | 0.02 | ||
Total | 10 | 93 | 93 | 70 | 0.0005 | Random | -1.65 (-2.33, -0.97) | <0.00001 | ||
IL-10 | Saponins | 3 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 0.79 | Fixed | 4.19 (3.06, 5.31) | <0.00001 | |
Flavones | 3 | 38 | 38 | 18 | 0.30 | Fixed | 0.91 (0.43, 1.40) | 0.0002 | ||
Alkaloids | 7 | 53 | 51 | 32 | 0.19 | Fixed | 1.67 (1.18, 2.15) | <0.00001 | ||
Total | 13 | 115 | 113 | 70 | <0.0001 | Random | 2.05 (1.39, 2.70) | <0.00001 | ||
IL-17 | Saponins | 2 | 18 | 18 | 0 | 0.72 | Fixed | -3.62 (-4.47, -2.47) | <0.00001 | |
Flavones | 1 | 6 | 6 | - | - | Random | -1.29 (-2.59, 0.00) | 0.05 | ||
Alkaloids | 1 | 10 | 10 | - | - | Random | -1.57 (-2.60, -0.54) | 0.003 | ||
Total | 4 | 34 | 34 | 68 | 0.03 | Random | -2.41 (-3.61, -1.20) | <0.0001 | ||
TNF-α | Saponins | 3 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 0.37 | Fixed | -0.78 (-1.36, -0.21) | 0.008 | |
Flavones | 4 | 51 | 51 | 90 | <0.00001 | Random | -1.68 (-3.35, -0.02) | 0.05 | ||
Alkaloids | 5 | 37 | 37 | 74 | 0.004 | Random | -2.83 (-4.24, -1.42) | <0.0001 | ||
Total | 12 | 114 | 114 | 84 | <0.00001 | Random | -1.86 (-2.69, -1.03) | <0.0001 | ||
IFN-γ | Saponins | 3 | 26 | 26 | 84 | 0.002 | Random | -3.27 (-5.68, -0.87) | 0.008 | |
Flavones | 3 | 38 | 38 | 89 | 0.0001 | Random | 0.73 (-1.57, 3.03) | 0.54 | ||
Alkaloids | 5 | 41 | 39 | 70 | 0.009 | Random | -1.70 (-2.73, -0.68) | 0.001 | ||
Total | 11 | 105 | 103 | 82 | 0.00001 | Random | -1.54 (-2.43, -0.65) | 0.0007 |
Figure 2 Funnel plot of serum IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and INF-γ A: IL-4: interleukin 4; B: IL-6: interleukin 6; C: IL-10: interleukin 10; D: TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor α; E: IFN-γ: interferon γ; SMD: standardized mean difference.
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