Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine ›› 2024, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (3): 417-426.DOI: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.20240402.003
• Meta-Analyses • Next Articles
Efficacy of substances containing 3 types of active ingredients-saponins, flavones, and alkaloids in regulation of cytokines in autoimmune diseases a systematic review and Meta-analysis based on animal studies
ZHU Ruifang1,3, ZHANG Jun2, LYU Yaru2, CHEN Yulu2, HAN Shifan3(
), WANG Hongwei1()
- 1 Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematologic Diseases, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030001, China
2 School of Nursing, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030001, China
3 Editorial Office, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030001, China
-
Received:2023-07-16Accepted:2023-10-31Online:2024-06-15Published:2024-04-02 -
Contact:WANG Hongwei, Haematology Department, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi 030001, China.wanghw68@hotmail.com ; HAN Shifan, Editorial Office, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi 030001, China.shifan.han@sxmu.edu.cn Telephone: +86-13513639012 -
Supported by:Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province: to Explore the Material Basis and Mechanism of Codonopsis Pilosula for Preventing and Treating Immune Thrombocytopenia based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking(202203021221251);Doctor Starting Foundation of First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University: Material Basis and Mechanism of Codonopsis Pilosula for Preventing and Treating Immune Thrombocytopenia(YB2203)
Cite this article
ZHU Ruifang, ZHANG Jun, LYU Yaru, CHEN Yulu, HAN Shifan, WANG Hongwei. Efficacy of substances containing 3 types of active ingredients-saponins, flavones, and alkaloids in regulation of cytokines in autoimmune diseases a systematic review and Meta-analysis based on animal studies[J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2024, 44(3): 417-426.
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Figure 1 Literature screening process and results obtained in this study AIDs: autoimmune diseases
Figure 1 Literature screening process and results obtained in this study AIDs: autoimmune diseases
Table 1 Basic characteristics of 31 studies
| Literature | Type of disease | Interventional substance | Type of animal | No. of animals (male/female) | Animal weight (g) | Outcome indicator | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saponins | |||||||
| Zhang Y 200512 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Total saponins of Jixiangcao (Pink reineckia) | Wistar rats | 70/0 | 180-220 | 1 | |
| Ma HL 200813 | Systemic lupus erythematosus | Esculentoside | BXSB mice | 24/0 | 20-25 | 4, 7 | |
| Huang Q et al 201314 | Autoimmune thyroiditis | Ginsenosides | Wistar rats | 0/40 | 180-200 | 2, 3 | |
| Gu SD 201315 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Chibao (Thladiantha dubia) | SD rats | 80/0 | 160-180 | 4, 5 | |
| Chen JY 201416 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Ginsenosides | SD rats | 80/0 | 100-140 | 1, 3 | |
| Feng XH et al 201517 | Autoimmune thyroiditis | Ginsenosides | Wistar rats | 0/40 | 180-200 | 4, 7 | |
| Cao YJ et al 201618 | Hashimoto's thyroiditis | Water-soluble total saponins of Chuanshanlong (Rhizoma Dioscoreae Nipponicae) | Wistar rats | 0/40 | 180-200 | 2, 3 | |
| Huang YN 201919 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Escin | SD rats | 60/0 | 180-220 | 4, 7 | |
| Zeng HL 202020 | Systemic lupus erythematosus | Esculentoside | - | 0/24 | 18-22 | 5, 6 | |
| Xu W 202121 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Ginsenosides | C57BL/6 mice | 0/30 | 16-18 | 4, 5, 8 | |
| Xia FL et al 202122 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Dioscin | C57BL/6 mice | 0/40 | 20-30 | 3, 6, 8 | |
| Ma CJ et al 202123 | Autoimmune thyroiditis | Ginsenosides | BALB/C mice | 0/30 | 16-18 | 3, 8 | |
| Flavones | |||||||
| Feng GY 200924 | Autoimmune gastritis | Dihydromyricetin | SD rats | 30/30 | 180-220 | 2, 3 | |
| Zhong J 201325 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Huangqin (Scutellaria baicalensis) stem-leaf total flavonoid | C57BL/6 mice | 90/0 | 16-20 | 5, 8 | |
| Zhong J 201326 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Total flavonoids from Laoyingcha (Litsea Coreana Levl) | C57BL/6 mice | 60/0 | 180-220 | 1, 7 | |
| Zhong C 201627 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Total flavonoids of Astragalus | Wistar rats | 42/0 | 200-240 | 1, 7 | |
| Li YN et al 201828 | Thromboangiitis obliterans | Total flavonoids of Guoshanjue (Camptosorus sibiricus Rupr.) | Wistar rats | 70/0 | 180-220 | 4, 7 | |
| Wang HX 202029 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Cyanidin-3-O-Glucoside | SD rats | 72/0 | — | 2, 4, 5, 7, 8 | |
| Li QL et al 202130 | Hashimoto's thyroiditis | Total flavones of Yinyanghuo (Epimedium) | HT rats | 0/60 | 150-180 | 4, 5, 6, 8 | |
| Alkaloids | |||||||
| Guo L et al 200431 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Sinomenine | Wistar rats | 0/36 | 180-200 | 5, 7, 8 | |
| Wang LQ et al 200932 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Tetrandrine | Wistar rats | 0/30 | 180-220 | 8 | |
| Guo XB et al 201033 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Matrine | Wistar rats | 0/40 | 180-220 | 3, 8 | |
| Guo X et al 201034 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Oxymatrine | Wistar rats | 0/40 | 180-220 | 7 | |
| Zhao XY 201135 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Matrine | Wistar rats | 0/40 | 180-220 | 6 | |
| Liu N 201336 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Matrine | Wistar rats | 0/50 | 180-220 | 3, 5 | |
| Yang DQ 201437 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Sinomeninec | SD rats | 50/50 | 180-220 | 5, 8 | |
| Guo XB et al 201538 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Matrine | Wistar rats | 0/30 | 180-220 | 5 | |
| Zhu ZG et al 201539 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Berberine | Lewis rats | 0/24 | 150-180 | 5, 7, 8 | |
| Li N 201740 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Leonurine | DBA/1 mice | 32/0 | 18-22 | 1, 4, 7 | |
| Zhao ZM 201841 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Sinomenine | DBA/1 mice | 30/0 | 20-30 | 3, 4, 5, 7 | |
| Tan MA 201842 | Autoimmune hepatitis | Sinomenine | Wistar rats | 0/42 | 190-220 | 2, 5 | |
Table 1 Basic characteristics of 31 studies
| Literature | Type of disease | Interventional substance | Type of animal | No. of animals (male/female) | Animal weight (g) | Outcome indicator | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saponins | |||||||
| Zhang Y 200512 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Total saponins of Jixiangcao (Pink reineckia) | Wistar rats | 70/0 | 180-220 | 1 | |
| Ma HL 200813 | Systemic lupus erythematosus | Esculentoside | BXSB mice | 24/0 | 20-25 | 4, 7 | |
| Huang Q et al 201314 | Autoimmune thyroiditis | Ginsenosides | Wistar rats | 0/40 | 180-200 | 2, 3 | |
| Gu SD 201315 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Chibao (Thladiantha dubia) | SD rats | 80/0 | 160-180 | 4, 5 | |
| Chen JY 201416 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Ginsenosides | SD rats | 80/0 | 100-140 | 1, 3 | |
| Feng XH et al 201517 | Autoimmune thyroiditis | Ginsenosides | Wistar rats | 0/40 | 180-200 | 4, 7 | |
| Cao YJ et al 201618 | Hashimoto's thyroiditis | Water-soluble total saponins of Chuanshanlong (Rhizoma Dioscoreae Nipponicae) | Wistar rats | 0/40 | 180-200 | 2, 3 | |
| Huang YN 201919 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Escin | SD rats | 60/0 | 180-220 | 4, 7 | |
| Zeng HL 202020 | Systemic lupus erythematosus | Esculentoside | - | 0/24 | 18-22 | 5, 6 | |
| Xu W 202121 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Ginsenosides | C57BL/6 mice | 0/30 | 16-18 | 4, 5, 8 | |
| Xia FL et al 202122 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Dioscin | C57BL/6 mice | 0/40 | 20-30 | 3, 6, 8 | |
| Ma CJ et al 202123 | Autoimmune thyroiditis | Ginsenosides | BALB/C mice | 0/30 | 16-18 | 3, 8 | |
| Flavones | |||||||
| Feng GY 200924 | Autoimmune gastritis | Dihydromyricetin | SD rats | 30/30 | 180-220 | 2, 3 | |
| Zhong J 201325 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Huangqin (Scutellaria baicalensis) stem-leaf total flavonoid | C57BL/6 mice | 90/0 | 16-20 | 5, 8 | |
| Zhong J 201326 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Total flavonoids from Laoyingcha (Litsea Coreana Levl) | C57BL/6 mice | 60/0 | 180-220 | 1, 7 | |
| Zhong C 201627 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Total flavonoids of Astragalus | Wistar rats | 42/0 | 200-240 | 1, 7 | |
| Li YN et al 201828 | Thromboangiitis obliterans | Total flavonoids of Guoshanjue (Camptosorus sibiricus Rupr.) | Wistar rats | 70/0 | 180-220 | 4, 7 | |
| Wang HX 202029 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Cyanidin-3-O-Glucoside | SD rats | 72/0 | — | 2, 4, 5, 7, 8 | |
| Li QL et al 202130 | Hashimoto's thyroiditis | Total flavones of Yinyanghuo (Epimedium) | HT rats | 0/60 | 150-180 | 4, 5, 6, 8 | |
| Alkaloids | |||||||
| Guo L et al 200431 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Sinomenine | Wistar rats | 0/36 | 180-200 | 5, 7, 8 | |
| Wang LQ et al 200932 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Tetrandrine | Wistar rats | 0/30 | 180-220 | 8 | |
| Guo XB et al 201033 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Matrine | Wistar rats | 0/40 | 180-220 | 3, 8 | |
| Guo X et al 201034 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Oxymatrine | Wistar rats | 0/40 | 180-220 | 7 | |
| Zhao XY 201135 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Matrine | Wistar rats | 0/40 | 180-220 | 6 | |
| Liu N 201336 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Matrine | Wistar rats | 0/50 | 180-220 | 3, 5 | |
| Yang DQ 201437 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Sinomeninec | SD rats | 50/50 | 180-220 | 5, 8 | |
| Guo XB et al 201538 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Matrine | Wistar rats | 0/30 | 180-220 | 5 | |
| Zhu ZG et al 201539 | Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Berberine | Lewis rats | 0/24 | 150-180 | 5, 7, 8 | |
| Li N 201740 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Leonurine | DBA/1 mice | 32/0 | 18-22 | 1, 4, 7 | |
| Zhao ZM 201841 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Sinomenine | DBA/1 mice | 30/0 | 20-30 | 3, 4, 5, 7 | |
| Tan MA 201842 | Autoimmune hepatitis | Sinomenine | Wistar rats | 0/42 | 190-220 | 2, 5 | |
Table 2 Risk of bias assessment results
| Literature | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhang Y 200512 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Ma HL 200813 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Huang Q et al 201314 | Y | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Gu SD 201315 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Chen JY 201416 | U | U | U | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Feng XH et al 201517 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Cao YJ et al 201618 | Y | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Huang YN 201919 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Zeng HL 202020 | Y | U | U | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Xu W 202121 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Xia FL et al 202122 | U | U | U | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Ma CJ et al 202123 | Y | U | U | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Feng GY 200924 | Y | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Zhong J 201325 | U | U | U | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Zhong J 201326 | U | U | U | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Zhong C 201627 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Li YN et al 201828 | Y | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Wang HX 202029 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Li QL et al 202130 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Guo L et al 200431 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Wang LQ et al 200932 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Guo XB et al 201033 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Guo X et al 201034 | U | U | U | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Zhao XY 201135 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Liu N 201336 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Yang DQ 201437 | Y | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | Y | U |
| Guo XB et al 201538 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Zhu ZG et al 201539 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Li N 201740 | U | U | U | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Zhao ZM 201841 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Tan MA 201842 | U | U | U | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Table 2 Risk of bias assessment results
| Literature | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhang Y 200512 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Ma HL 200813 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Huang Q et al 201314 | Y | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Gu SD 201315 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Chen JY 201416 | U | U | U | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Feng XH et al 201517 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Cao YJ et al 201618 | Y | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Huang YN 201919 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Zeng HL 202020 | Y | U | U | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Xu W 202121 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Xia FL et al 202122 | U | U | U | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Ma CJ et al 202123 | Y | U | U | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Feng GY 200924 | Y | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Zhong J 201325 | U | U | U | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Zhong J 201326 | U | U | U | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Zhong C 201627 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Li YN et al 201828 | Y | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Wang HX 202029 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Li QL et al 202130 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Guo L et al 200431 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Wang LQ et al 200932 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Guo XB et al 201033 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Guo X et al 201034 | U | U | U | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Zhao XY 201135 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Liu N 201336 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Yang DQ 201437 | Y | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | Y | U |
| Guo XB et al 201538 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Zhu ZG et al 201539 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Li N 201740 | U | U | U | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Zhao ZM 201841 | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
| Tan MA 201842 | U | U | U | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U |
Table 3 Meta-analysis results
| Outcome indicator | Subtype and total | No. of studies included | Sample size (animals) | Heterogeneity tests | Effect model | Meta-analysis results | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention group | Model group | I 2 (%) | P value | SMD (95% CI) | P value | |||||
| IL-1β | Saponins | 1 | 8 | 8 | - | - | Random | -1.03 (-2.09, 0.03) | 0.06 | |
| Flavones | 2 | 17 | 17 | 0 | 0.42 | Fixed | -1.69 (-2.51, -0.87) | <0.0001 | ||
| Alkaloids | 1 | 8 | 8 | - | - | Random | -3.98 (-5.85, -2.11) | <0.0001 | ||
| Total | 4 | 33 | 33 | 62 | 0.05 | Random | -1.94 (-2.99, -0.90) | 0.0003 | ||
| IL-2 | Saponins | 2 | 16 | 16 | 0 | 0.32 | Fixed | -0.74 (-1.47, -0.01) | 0.05 | |
| Flavones | 2 | 34 | 34 | 64 | 0.10 | Random | 0.63 (-0.29, 1.55) | 0.18 | ||
| Alkaloids | 1 | 7 | 7 | - | - | Random | -4.97 (-7.38, -2.56) | <0.0001 | ||
| Total | 5 | 57 | 57 | 86 | <0.0001 | Random | -0.63 (-1.82, 0.57) | 0.30 | ||
| IL-4 | Saponins | 5 | 44 | 44 | 87 | <0.00001 | Random | 0.49 (-0.87, 1.85) | 0.48 | |
| Flavones | 2 | 34 | 34 | 74 | 0.05 | Random | -0.57 (-1.68,0.53) | 0.31 | ||
| Alkaloids | 3 | 25 | 25 | 83 | 0.002 | Random | 5.37 (1.78,8.95) | 0.003 | ||
| Total | 10 | 103 | 103 | 90 | <0.00001 | Random | 1.30 (0.15, 2.44) | 0.03 | ||
| IL-6 | Saponins | 5 | 40 | 40 | 78 | 0.001 | Random | -1.71 (-2.92, -0.51) | 0.005 | |
| Flavones | 3 | 40 | 40 | 48 | 0.14 | Fixed | -0.93 (-1.40, -0.45) | 0.0001 | ||
| Alkaloids | 2 | 13 | 13 | 58 | 0.12 | Random | -2.65 (-4.81, -0.49) | 0.02 | ||
| Total | 10 | 93 | 93 | 70 | 0.0005 | Random | -1.65 (-2.33, -0.97) | <0.00001 | ||
| IL-10 | Saponins | 3 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 0.79 | Fixed | 4.19 (3.06, 5.31) | <0.00001 | |
| Flavones | 3 | 38 | 38 | 18 | 0.30 | Fixed | 0.91 (0.43, 1.40) | 0.0002 | ||
| Alkaloids | 7 | 53 | 51 | 32 | 0.19 | Fixed | 1.67 (1.18, 2.15) | <0.00001 | ||
| Total | 13 | 115 | 113 | 70 | <0.0001 | Random | 2.05 (1.39, 2.70) | <0.00001 | ||
| IL-17 | Saponins | 2 | 18 | 18 | 0 | 0.72 | Fixed | -3.62 (-4.47, -2.47) | <0.00001 | |
| Flavones | 1 | 6 | 6 | - | - | Random | -1.29 (-2.59, 0.00) | 0.05 | ||
| Alkaloids | 1 | 10 | 10 | - | - | Random | -1.57 (-2.60, -0.54) | 0.003 | ||
| Total | 4 | 34 | 34 | 68 | 0.03 | Random | -2.41 (-3.61, -1.20) | <0.0001 | ||
| TNF-α | Saponins | 3 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 0.37 | Fixed | -0.78 (-1.36, -0.21) | 0.008 | |
| Flavones | 4 | 51 | 51 | 90 | <0.00001 | Random | -1.68 (-3.35, -0.02) | 0.05 | ||
| Alkaloids | 5 | 37 | 37 | 74 | 0.004 | Random | -2.83 (-4.24, -1.42) | <0.0001 | ||
| Total | 12 | 114 | 114 | 84 | <0.00001 | Random | -1.86 (-2.69, -1.03) | <0.0001 | ||
| IFN-γ | Saponins | 3 | 26 | 26 | 84 | 0.002 | Random | -3.27 (-5.68, -0.87) | 0.008 | |
| Flavones | 3 | 38 | 38 | 89 | 0.0001 | Random | 0.73 (-1.57, 3.03) | 0.54 | ||
| Alkaloids | 5 | 41 | 39 | 70 | 0.009 | Random | -1.70 (-2.73, -0.68) | 0.001 | ||
| Total | 11 | 105 | 103 | 82 | 0.00001 | Random | -1.54 (-2.43, -0.65) | 0.0007 | ||
Table 3 Meta-analysis results
| Outcome indicator | Subtype and total | No. of studies included | Sample size (animals) | Heterogeneity tests | Effect model | Meta-analysis results | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention group | Model group | I 2 (%) | P value | SMD (95% CI) | P value | |||||
| IL-1β | Saponins | 1 | 8 | 8 | - | - | Random | -1.03 (-2.09, 0.03) | 0.06 | |
| Flavones | 2 | 17 | 17 | 0 | 0.42 | Fixed | -1.69 (-2.51, -0.87) | <0.0001 | ||
| Alkaloids | 1 | 8 | 8 | - | - | Random | -3.98 (-5.85, -2.11) | <0.0001 | ||
| Total | 4 | 33 | 33 | 62 | 0.05 | Random | -1.94 (-2.99, -0.90) | 0.0003 | ||
| IL-2 | Saponins | 2 | 16 | 16 | 0 | 0.32 | Fixed | -0.74 (-1.47, -0.01) | 0.05 | |
| Flavones | 2 | 34 | 34 | 64 | 0.10 | Random | 0.63 (-0.29, 1.55) | 0.18 | ||
| Alkaloids | 1 | 7 | 7 | - | - | Random | -4.97 (-7.38, -2.56) | <0.0001 | ||
| Total | 5 | 57 | 57 | 86 | <0.0001 | Random | -0.63 (-1.82, 0.57) | 0.30 | ||
| IL-4 | Saponins | 5 | 44 | 44 | 87 | <0.00001 | Random | 0.49 (-0.87, 1.85) | 0.48 | |
| Flavones | 2 | 34 | 34 | 74 | 0.05 | Random | -0.57 (-1.68,0.53) | 0.31 | ||
| Alkaloids | 3 | 25 | 25 | 83 | 0.002 | Random | 5.37 (1.78,8.95) | 0.003 | ||
| Total | 10 | 103 | 103 | 90 | <0.00001 | Random | 1.30 (0.15, 2.44) | 0.03 | ||
| IL-6 | Saponins | 5 | 40 | 40 | 78 | 0.001 | Random | -1.71 (-2.92, -0.51) | 0.005 | |
| Flavones | 3 | 40 | 40 | 48 | 0.14 | Fixed | -0.93 (-1.40, -0.45) | 0.0001 | ||
| Alkaloids | 2 | 13 | 13 | 58 | 0.12 | Random | -2.65 (-4.81, -0.49) | 0.02 | ||
| Total | 10 | 93 | 93 | 70 | 0.0005 | Random | -1.65 (-2.33, -0.97) | <0.00001 | ||
| IL-10 | Saponins | 3 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 0.79 | Fixed | 4.19 (3.06, 5.31) | <0.00001 | |
| Flavones | 3 | 38 | 38 | 18 | 0.30 | Fixed | 0.91 (0.43, 1.40) | 0.0002 | ||
| Alkaloids | 7 | 53 | 51 | 32 | 0.19 | Fixed | 1.67 (1.18, 2.15) | <0.00001 | ||
| Total | 13 | 115 | 113 | 70 | <0.0001 | Random | 2.05 (1.39, 2.70) | <0.00001 | ||
| IL-17 | Saponins | 2 | 18 | 18 | 0 | 0.72 | Fixed | -3.62 (-4.47, -2.47) | <0.00001 | |
| Flavones | 1 | 6 | 6 | - | - | Random | -1.29 (-2.59, 0.00) | 0.05 | ||
| Alkaloids | 1 | 10 | 10 | - | - | Random | -1.57 (-2.60, -0.54) | 0.003 | ||
| Total | 4 | 34 | 34 | 68 | 0.03 | Random | -2.41 (-3.61, -1.20) | <0.0001 | ||
| TNF-α | Saponins | 3 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 0.37 | Fixed | -0.78 (-1.36, -0.21) | 0.008 | |
| Flavones | 4 | 51 | 51 | 90 | <0.00001 | Random | -1.68 (-3.35, -0.02) | 0.05 | ||
| Alkaloids | 5 | 37 | 37 | 74 | 0.004 | Random | -2.83 (-4.24, -1.42) | <0.0001 | ||
| Total | 12 | 114 | 114 | 84 | <0.00001 | Random | -1.86 (-2.69, -1.03) | <0.0001 | ||
| IFN-γ | Saponins | 3 | 26 | 26 | 84 | 0.002 | Random | -3.27 (-5.68, -0.87) | 0.008 | |
| Flavones | 3 | 38 | 38 | 89 | 0.0001 | Random | 0.73 (-1.57, 3.03) | 0.54 | ||
| Alkaloids | 5 | 41 | 39 | 70 | 0.009 | Random | -1.70 (-2.73, -0.68) | 0.001 | ||
| Total | 11 | 105 | 103 | 82 | 0.00001 | Random | -1.54 (-2.43, -0.65) | 0.0007 | ||
Figure 2 Funnel plot of serum IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and INF-γ A: IL-4: interleukin 4; B: IL-6: interleukin 6; C: IL-10: interleukin 10; D: TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor α; E: IFN-γ: interferon γ; SMD: standardized mean difference.
Figure 2 Funnel plot of serum IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and INF-γ A: IL-4: interleukin 4; B: IL-6: interleukin 6; C: IL-10: interleukin 10; D: TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor α; E: IFN-γ: interferon γ; SMD: standardized mean difference.
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