Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine ›› 2024, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (3): 572-580.DOI: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.20230802.007
• Original articles • Previous Articles Next Articles
LI Shuang1, DUAN Shuwei1, DONG Zheyi1, QU Yilun1, LUO Yayong2, KE Jianghua2, WANG Conghui1, PENG Yangzhi3, ZHOU Xuefeng1, CHEN Xiangmei1()
Received:
2022-12-27
Accepted:
2023-05-25
Online:
2024-06-15
Published:
2023-08-02
Contact:
Prof. CHEN Xiangmei, Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Beijing 100853, China. Supported by:
LI Shuang, DUAN Shuwei, DONG Zheyi, QU Yilun, LUO Yayong, KE Jianghua, WANG Conghui, PENG Yangzhi, ZHOU Xuefeng, CHEN Xiangmei. Distribution of Traditional Chinese Medicine syndromes in diabetic kidney disease chronic kidney disease 1-5: a correlation study[J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2024, 44(3): 572-580.
TCM syndrome types/elements | TCM symptoms | Evaluation criteria |
---|---|---|
Yin deficiency and dry heat syndrome | Dry mouth and throat, easy to hunger and eat more, vexation and insomnia, urinary frequency constipation, irascibility, red face, red tongue with yellowish fur, pulse string number or slip number | Four of these are diagnosable |
Syndrome of deficiency of both Qi and Yin | Turbid urine, tiredness, dry mouth and throat, dizzy dreams, feverish palms and soles, in suspense, thin tongue, little moss dry, Weak pulse. | Four of these are diagnosable |
Liver-kidney Yin deficiency syndrome | Turbid urine, vertigo tinnitus, burning sensation of five centres, Pain of waist and knee, dry eyes, oliguresis, little red tongue moss, pulse of thread and schneller. | Four of these are diagnosable |
Spleen-kidney Yang deficiency syndrome | Turbid urine, tired and cold, cold waist and knees, limb swelling, especially lower limbs, long or short urine, nocturia increased, morning diarrhea, pale tongue with fat tooth marks, delayed pulse sinking | Four of these are diagnosable |
Blood deficiency syndrome | Pale or yellow face, pale lips and nails, dizziness, pale tongue, weak pulse. | Two of these are diagnosable |
Heat syndrome | Thirst with a predilection for cold drink, eat more and get hungry, yellowish or reddish urine, dry stool, red tongue with yellow fur, rapid pulse | Two of these are diagnosable |
Qi stagnation syndrome | Thoracolumbar breast tenderness, abdominal fullness and distention, easily irritated or annoyed, depression and sighing, wiry pulse | Two of these are diagnosable |
Water stagnation syndrome | Edema, hydrothorax, ascites, heavy cumbersome limbs | Two of these are diagnosable |
Damp-heat syndrome | Heavy cumbersome limbs, lack of appetite, a bitter or sticky mouth, sticky stools, red tongue coating yellow greasy, slippery and rapid pulse | Two of these are diagnosable |
Blood stasis syndrome | Gloomy complexion, dark purple lips, scaly dry skin, stabbing and fixed pain, dark purple tongue, hesitant or irregular pulse | One of these are diagnosable |
Phlegm turbidity syndrome | Nausea and vomiting, spit or cough up, oral mucositis, greasy and muddy moss, slippery pulse | Two of these are diagnosable |
Table 1 Evaluation criteria of TCM syndromes types and syndrome elements
TCM syndrome types/elements | TCM symptoms | Evaluation criteria |
---|---|---|
Yin deficiency and dry heat syndrome | Dry mouth and throat, easy to hunger and eat more, vexation and insomnia, urinary frequency constipation, irascibility, red face, red tongue with yellowish fur, pulse string number or slip number | Four of these are diagnosable |
Syndrome of deficiency of both Qi and Yin | Turbid urine, tiredness, dry mouth and throat, dizzy dreams, feverish palms and soles, in suspense, thin tongue, little moss dry, Weak pulse. | Four of these are diagnosable |
Liver-kidney Yin deficiency syndrome | Turbid urine, vertigo tinnitus, burning sensation of five centres, Pain of waist and knee, dry eyes, oliguresis, little red tongue moss, pulse of thread and schneller. | Four of these are diagnosable |
Spleen-kidney Yang deficiency syndrome | Turbid urine, tired and cold, cold waist and knees, limb swelling, especially lower limbs, long or short urine, nocturia increased, morning diarrhea, pale tongue with fat tooth marks, delayed pulse sinking | Four of these are diagnosable |
Blood deficiency syndrome | Pale or yellow face, pale lips and nails, dizziness, pale tongue, weak pulse. | Two of these are diagnosable |
Heat syndrome | Thirst with a predilection for cold drink, eat more and get hungry, yellowish or reddish urine, dry stool, red tongue with yellow fur, rapid pulse | Two of these are diagnosable |
Qi stagnation syndrome | Thoracolumbar breast tenderness, abdominal fullness and distention, easily irritated or annoyed, depression and sighing, wiry pulse | Two of these are diagnosable |
Water stagnation syndrome | Edema, hydrothorax, ascites, heavy cumbersome limbs | Two of these are diagnosable |
Damp-heat syndrome | Heavy cumbersome limbs, lack of appetite, a bitter or sticky mouth, sticky stools, red tongue coating yellow greasy, slippery and rapid pulse | Two of these are diagnosable |
Blood stasis syndrome | Gloomy complexion, dark purple lips, scaly dry skin, stabbing and fixed pain, dark purple tongue, hesitant or irregular pulse | One of these are diagnosable |
Phlegm turbidity syndrome | Nausea and vomiting, spit or cough up, oral mucositis, greasy and muddy moss, slippery pulse | Two of these are diagnosable |
Item | CKD1-2 (n = 109) | CKD3 ( n = 117) | CKD4 ( n = 86) | CKD5 ( n = 123) | H/F/ χ 2 value | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 52.00 (44.50, 62.00) | 59.00 (52.25, 65.00)a | 57.50 (53.00, 65.00)a | 59.00 (51.00, 66.00)a | 20.780 | <0.001 |
Gender [male (%)] | 64 (58.72) | 88 (75.21) | 64 (74.42) | 97 (78.86) | 13.249 | 0.004 |
History of DM (months) | 60.00 (13.50, 133.00) | 120.00 (60.50, 192.00)a | 168.00 (81.00, 240.00)a | 180.00 (108.00, 240.00)ab | 61.946 | <0.001 |
SBP (mm Hg) | 135.50±19.28 | 137.72±22.00 | 150.01±21.92ab | 156.42±24.12abc | 23.480 | <0.001 |
DBP (mm Hg) | 79.00 (72.50, 89.50) | 78.50 (70.00, 88.75) | 81.00 (73.00, 90.25) | 80.00 (73.00, 89.00) | 2.926 | 0.403 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.40 (23.90, 28.90) | 26.57 (24.41, 29.08) | 26.05 (24.10, 28.40) | 25.70 (23.50, 28.10) | 4.886 | 0.180 |
Hb (g/L) | 129.65±20.78 | 124.92±23.19 | 108.22±21.02ab | 94.92±16.85abc | 80.270 | <0.001 |
GHb (%) | 6.70 (6.00, 7.85) | 6.50 (6.00, 7.58)a | 6.60 (6.10, 8.00)a | 6.40 (5.70, 7.20)ab | 10.587 | 0.014 |
FBG (mmol/L) | 5.68 (4.76, 7.20) | 5.86 (4.85, 7.00) | 6.00 (4.90, 8.76) | 6.13 (4.81, 8.11) | 2.347 | 0.504 |
Scr (umol/L) | 75.00 (64.55, 83.20) | 121.75 (107.93, 149.15)a | 230.85 (188.53, 261.28)ab | 427.1 (357.40, 538.20)abc | 402.359 | <0.001 |
eGFR (mL·min-1 ·1.73m-2) | 88.28 (70.90, 101.49) | 43.95 (34.27, 50.57)a | 21.49 (17.50, 25.31)ab | 9.64 (7.14, 12.08)abc | 405.565 | <0.001 |
BUN (mmol/L) | 5.61 (4.48, 7.52) | 8.09 (6.59, 9.94)a | 12.73 (10.67, 15.06)ab | 21.19 (16.96, 26.45)abc | 321.250 | <0.001 |
TC (mmol/L) | 4.63 (3.70, 5.94) | 4.38 (3.49, 5.82) | 4.43 (3.32, 5.84) | 4.10 (3.27, 4.97)a | 12.116 | 0.007 |
TG (mmol/L) | 1.94 (1.44, 2.74) | 2.31 (1.45, 3.07) | 2.02 (1.22, 2.89) | 1.72 (1.20, 2.52)b | 11.693 | 0.009 |
HDL (mmol/L) | 1.01 (0.88, 1.23) | 0.93 (0.87, 1.12)a | 0.92 (0.77, 1.15) | 0.89 (0.74, 1.16)a | 13.862 | 0.003 |
LDL (mmol/L) | 2.96 (2.28, 3.98) | 2.66 (1.84, 4.01) | 2.63 (1.73, 3.91) | 2.33 (1.80, 3.34)a | 10.755 | 0.013 |
UA (umol/L) | 352.10 (291.85, 428.00) | 395.15 (319.55.475.90)a | 395.65 (341.53, 480.65)a | 418.60 (337.00, 496.50)a | 19.236 | <0.001 |
Alb (g/L) | 36.00 (27.10, 39.85) | 36.20 (28.08, 40.60) | 35.05 (28.50, 38.53) | 35.30 (31.10, 38.40) | 1.249 | 0.741 |
TP (g/L) | 58.50 (50.30, 64.95) | 62.85 (52.03, 67.05) | 61.70 (53.30, 67.33) | 63.40 (57.10, 67.40)a | 14.834 | 0.002 |
24 h urinary protein (g/L) | 2.18 (0.58, 5.33) | 2.84 (0.65, 5.27) | 4.76 (2.25, 7.36)ab | 5.22 (2.48, 7.58)ab | 46.415 | <0.001 |
Table 2 General data of CKD1-5 diabetic kidney disease patients
Item | CKD1-2 (n = 109) | CKD3 ( n = 117) | CKD4 ( n = 86) | CKD5 ( n = 123) | H/F/ χ 2 value | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 52.00 (44.50, 62.00) | 59.00 (52.25, 65.00)a | 57.50 (53.00, 65.00)a | 59.00 (51.00, 66.00)a | 20.780 | <0.001 |
Gender [male (%)] | 64 (58.72) | 88 (75.21) | 64 (74.42) | 97 (78.86) | 13.249 | 0.004 |
History of DM (months) | 60.00 (13.50, 133.00) | 120.00 (60.50, 192.00)a | 168.00 (81.00, 240.00)a | 180.00 (108.00, 240.00)ab | 61.946 | <0.001 |
SBP (mm Hg) | 135.50±19.28 | 137.72±22.00 | 150.01±21.92ab | 156.42±24.12abc | 23.480 | <0.001 |
DBP (mm Hg) | 79.00 (72.50, 89.50) | 78.50 (70.00, 88.75) | 81.00 (73.00, 90.25) | 80.00 (73.00, 89.00) | 2.926 | 0.403 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.40 (23.90, 28.90) | 26.57 (24.41, 29.08) | 26.05 (24.10, 28.40) | 25.70 (23.50, 28.10) | 4.886 | 0.180 |
Hb (g/L) | 129.65±20.78 | 124.92±23.19 | 108.22±21.02ab | 94.92±16.85abc | 80.270 | <0.001 |
GHb (%) | 6.70 (6.00, 7.85) | 6.50 (6.00, 7.58)a | 6.60 (6.10, 8.00)a | 6.40 (5.70, 7.20)ab | 10.587 | 0.014 |
FBG (mmol/L) | 5.68 (4.76, 7.20) | 5.86 (4.85, 7.00) | 6.00 (4.90, 8.76) | 6.13 (4.81, 8.11) | 2.347 | 0.504 |
Scr (umol/L) | 75.00 (64.55, 83.20) | 121.75 (107.93, 149.15)a | 230.85 (188.53, 261.28)ab | 427.1 (357.40, 538.20)abc | 402.359 | <0.001 |
eGFR (mL·min-1 ·1.73m-2) | 88.28 (70.90, 101.49) | 43.95 (34.27, 50.57)a | 21.49 (17.50, 25.31)ab | 9.64 (7.14, 12.08)abc | 405.565 | <0.001 |
BUN (mmol/L) | 5.61 (4.48, 7.52) | 8.09 (6.59, 9.94)a | 12.73 (10.67, 15.06)ab | 21.19 (16.96, 26.45)abc | 321.250 | <0.001 |
TC (mmol/L) | 4.63 (3.70, 5.94) | 4.38 (3.49, 5.82) | 4.43 (3.32, 5.84) | 4.10 (3.27, 4.97)a | 12.116 | 0.007 |
TG (mmol/L) | 1.94 (1.44, 2.74) | 2.31 (1.45, 3.07) | 2.02 (1.22, 2.89) | 1.72 (1.20, 2.52)b | 11.693 | 0.009 |
HDL (mmol/L) | 1.01 (0.88, 1.23) | 0.93 (0.87, 1.12)a | 0.92 (0.77, 1.15) | 0.89 (0.74, 1.16)a | 13.862 | 0.003 |
LDL (mmol/L) | 2.96 (2.28, 3.98) | 2.66 (1.84, 4.01) | 2.63 (1.73, 3.91) | 2.33 (1.80, 3.34)a | 10.755 | 0.013 |
UA (umol/L) | 352.10 (291.85, 428.00) | 395.15 (319.55.475.90)a | 395.65 (341.53, 480.65)a | 418.60 (337.00, 496.50)a | 19.236 | <0.001 |
Alb (g/L) | 36.00 (27.10, 39.85) | 36.20 (28.08, 40.60) | 35.05 (28.50, 38.53) | 35.30 (31.10, 38.40) | 1.249 | 0.741 |
TP (g/L) | 58.50 (50.30, 64.95) | 62.85 (52.03, 67.05) | 61.70 (53.30, 67.33) | 63.40 (57.10, 67.40)a | 14.834 | 0.002 |
24 h urinary protein (g/L) | 2.18 (0.58, 5.33) | 2.84 (0.65, 5.27) | 4.76 (2.25, 7.36)ab | 5.22 (2.48, 7.58)ab | 46.415 | <0.001 |
Item | CKD1-2 (n = 109) | CKD3 (n = 117) | CKD4 (n = 86) | CKD5 (n = 123) | χ 2 value | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yin deficiency and dry heat syndrome | 31 (28.44) | 23 (19.56) | 5 (5.81) | 6 (4.88) | 33.113 | <0.001 |
Syndrome of deficiency of both Qi and Yin | 39 (35.79) | 40 (34.19) | 22 (25.58) | 25 (20.33) | 8.952 | 0.030 |
Liver-kidney Yin deficiency syndrome | 19 (17.43) | 19 (16.24) | 21 (24.42) | 25 (20.33) | 2.477 | 0.480 |
Spleen-kidney Yang deficiency syndrome | 20 (18.35) | 35 (29.92) | 38 (32.49) | 67 (54.47) | 36.881 | <0.001 |
Blood deficiency syndrome | 35 (32.11) | 45 (38.46) | 53 (61.63) | 86 (69.92) | 44.338 | <0.001 |
Blood stasis syndrome | 88 (80.73) | 103 (88.03) | 79 (91.86) | 119 (96.75) | 16.460 | 0.001 |
Heat syndrome | 40 (36.70) | 44 (37.61) | 26 (30.33) | 28 (22.76) | 7.761 | 0.051 |
Damp-heat syndrome | 82 (75.23) | 81 (69.23) | 54 (62.79) | 82 (66.66) | 3.812 | 0.283 |
Water stagnation syndrome | 25 (22.94) | 35 (29.92) | 39 (45.35) | 52 (42.28) | 15.257 | 0.002 |
Phlegm turbidity syndrome | 45 (41.28) | 68 (58.12) | 48 (55.81) | 97 (78.86) | 34.663 | <0.001 |
Qi stagnation syndrome | 52 (47.71) | 64 (54.70) | 52 (60.47) | 78 (63.42) | 6.528 | 0.089 |
Table 3 TCM syndrome types and syndrome elements of CKD1-5 diabetic kidney disease Patients [n (%)]
Item | CKD1-2 (n = 109) | CKD3 (n = 117) | CKD4 (n = 86) | CKD5 (n = 123) | χ 2 value | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yin deficiency and dry heat syndrome | 31 (28.44) | 23 (19.56) | 5 (5.81) | 6 (4.88) | 33.113 | <0.001 |
Syndrome of deficiency of both Qi and Yin | 39 (35.79) | 40 (34.19) | 22 (25.58) | 25 (20.33) | 8.952 | 0.030 |
Liver-kidney Yin deficiency syndrome | 19 (17.43) | 19 (16.24) | 21 (24.42) | 25 (20.33) | 2.477 | 0.480 |
Spleen-kidney Yang deficiency syndrome | 20 (18.35) | 35 (29.92) | 38 (32.49) | 67 (54.47) | 36.881 | <0.001 |
Blood deficiency syndrome | 35 (32.11) | 45 (38.46) | 53 (61.63) | 86 (69.92) | 44.338 | <0.001 |
Blood stasis syndrome | 88 (80.73) | 103 (88.03) | 79 (91.86) | 119 (96.75) | 16.460 | 0.001 |
Heat syndrome | 40 (36.70) | 44 (37.61) | 26 (30.33) | 28 (22.76) | 7.761 | 0.051 |
Damp-heat syndrome | 82 (75.23) | 81 (69.23) | 54 (62.79) | 82 (66.66) | 3.812 | 0.283 |
Water stagnation syndrome | 25 (22.94) | 35 (29.92) | 39 (45.35) | 52 (42.28) | 15.257 | 0.002 |
Phlegm turbidity syndrome | 45 (41.28) | 68 (58.12) | 48 (55.81) | 97 (78.86) | 34.663 | <0.001 |
Qi stagnation syndrome | 52 (47.71) | 64 (54.70) | 52 (60.47) | 78 (63.42) | 6.528 | 0.089 |
TCM syndrome element | n | Yin deficiency and dry heat syndrome (n = 65) | Syndrome of deficiency of both Qi and Yin (n = 126) | Liver-kidney Yin deficiency syndrome (n = 84) | Spleen-kidney Yang deficiency syndrome (n = 160) | χ 2 value | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blood deficiency syndrome | 219 (50.35) | 7 (10.80) | 51 (40.50) | 42 (50.00) | 119 (74.40) | 82.595 | <0.001 |
Heat syndrome | 138 (31.70) | 45 (69.20) | 44 (34.90) | 20 (23.80) | 29 (18.10) | 58.900 | <0.001 |
Blood stasis syndrome | 389 (89.40) | 49 (75.40) | 111 (88.10) | 75 (89.30) | 154 (96.30) | 21.669 | <0.001 |
Damp-heat syndrome | 299 (68.74) | 48 (73.80) | 82 (65.10) | 64 (76.20) | 105 (65.60) | 4.467 | 0.215 |
Water stagnation syndrome | 151 (34.71) | 10 (15.40) | 9 (7.10) | 14 (16.70) | 118 (73.80) | 172.632 | <0.001 |
Phlegm turbidity syndrome | 258 (59.31) | 28 (43.10) | 57 (45.20) | 53 (63.10) | 120 (75.00) | 34.256 | <0.001 |
Qi stagnation syndrome | 246 (56.55) | 31 (47.70) | 61 (48.40) | 50 (59.50) | 104 (65.00) | 10.423 | 0.015 |
Table 4 Distribution of TCM syndrome types and TCM syndrome elements in diabetic kidney disease patients [n (%)]
TCM syndrome element | n | Yin deficiency and dry heat syndrome (n = 65) | Syndrome of deficiency of both Qi and Yin (n = 126) | Liver-kidney Yin deficiency syndrome (n = 84) | Spleen-kidney Yang deficiency syndrome (n = 160) | χ 2 value | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blood deficiency syndrome | 219 (50.35) | 7 (10.80) | 51 (40.50) | 42 (50.00) | 119 (74.40) | 82.595 | <0.001 |
Heat syndrome | 138 (31.70) | 45 (69.20) | 44 (34.90) | 20 (23.80) | 29 (18.10) | 58.900 | <0.001 |
Blood stasis syndrome | 389 (89.40) | 49 (75.40) | 111 (88.10) | 75 (89.30) | 154 (96.30) | 21.669 | <0.001 |
Damp-heat syndrome | 299 (68.74) | 48 (73.80) | 82 (65.10) | 64 (76.20) | 105 (65.60) | 4.467 | 0.215 |
Water stagnation syndrome | 151 (34.71) | 10 (15.40) | 9 (7.10) | 14 (16.70) | 118 (73.80) | 172.632 | <0.001 |
Phlegm turbidity syndrome | 258 (59.31) | 28 (43.10) | 57 (45.20) | 53 (63.10) | 120 (75.00) | 34.256 | <0.001 |
Qi stagnation syndrome | 246 (56.55) | 31 (47.70) | 61 (48.40) | 50 (59.50) | 104 (65.00) | 10.423 | 0.015 |
Item | Yin deficiency and dry heat syndrome (n = 65) | Syndrome of deficiency of both Qi and Yin (n = 126) | Liver-kidney Yin deficiency syndrome (n = 84) | Spleen-kidney Yang deficiency syndrome (n = 160) | H/χ 2 value | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 53.00 (44.50, 60.00) | 55.50 (46.75, 61.25) | 60.00 (51.25, 66.00)ab | 59.00 (54.00, 66.00)ab | 30.170 | <0.001 |
Gender [male, n (%)] | 56 (86.2) | 90 (71.4) | 54 (64.3) | 113 (70.6) | 9.100 | 0.028 |
History of DM (months) | 84.00 (30.00, 180.00) | 96.00 (48.00, 180.50) | 144.00 (87.00, 204.00)ab | 156.00 (84.00, 240.00)ab | 23.721 | <0.001 |
SBP (mm Hg) | 134.20±18.43 | 141.76±22.46a | 142.67±19.64a | 152.94±25.86abc | 12.586 | <0.001 |
DBP (mm Hg) | 79.80±11.04 | 81.48±11.94 | 78.33±12.1 | 82.12±13.04c | 2.076 | 0.103 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.20 (25.05, 29.40) | 26.44 (24.18, 28.2) | 25.65 (23.81, 28.88) | 25.9 (23.6, 28.7) | 6.591 | 0.086 |
Hb (g/L) | 135.00 (121.50, 151.50) | 119.50 (103.00, 136.25)a | 115.50 (97.25, 130.00)a | 99.00 (85.00, 115.00)abc | 88.526 | <0.001 |
GHb (%) | 6.80 (6.05, 7.90) | 6.50 (6.10, 7.50) | 6.90 (6.00, 7.78) | 6.30 (5.70, 7.30)c | 11.438 | 0.010 |
FBG (mmol/L) | 5.60 (4.67, 6.73) | 5.98 (5.12, 7.68) | 5.95 (4.70, 7.52) | 6.06 (4.83, 7.80) | 2.591 | 0.459 |
Scr (umol/L) | 104.60 (73.35, 150.70) | 125.30 (83.65, 259.25) | 179.65 (101.93, 314.38)a | 246.30 (125.10, 408.50)ab | 54.695 | <0.001 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 55.30 (34.63, 91.51) | 42.97 (18.06, 71.35)a | 28.16 (13.43, 57.05)a | 18.51 (10.32, 41.55)ab | 59.780 | <0.001 |
BUN (mg/dL) | 6.81 (5.06, 9.73) | 8.95 (5.96, 13.52)a | 9.98 (7.17, 17.44)a | 13.95 (8.81, 20.99)abc | 67.125 | <0.001 |
TC (mmol/L) | 4.09 (3.61, 5.13) | 4.33 (3.46, 5.33) | 4.03 (3.32, 4.87) | 4.76 (3.57, 6.34)c | 11.323 | 0.010 |
TG (mmol/L) | 2.28 (1.54, 3.02) | 2.00 (1.34, 2.66) | 2.07 (1.39, 2.79) | 1.77 (1.24, 2.83) | 4.267 | 0.234 |
HDL (mmol/L) | 0.88 (0.75, 1.10) | 0.93 (0.79, 1.15) | 0.94 (0.78, 1.04) | 1.02 (0.81, 1.31)c | 12.379 | 0.006 |
LDL (mmol/L) | 2.58 (1.94, 3.17) | 2.59 (1.86, 3.67) | 2.33 (1.83, 3.19) | 2.90 (1.92, 4.13)c | 8.277 | 0.041 |
UA (μmol/L) | 389.46±103.19 | 402.76±111.83 | 408.15±115.10 | 389.97±105.85 | 0.694 | 0.556 |
Alb (g/L) | 38.50 (31.65, 42.30) | 37.70 (32.75, 40.98) | 36.45 (30.95, 39.85) | 31.40 (24.50, 36.50)abc | 62.821 | <0.001 |
TP (g/L) | 62.70 (56.95, 68, 65) | 63.10 (57.33, 67.75) | 63.85 (57.55, 66.97) | 57.00 (48.30, 64.30)abc | 34.342 | <0.001 |
24 h urinary protein (g/L) | 1.53 (0.30, 5.20) | 2.87 (0.98, 5.14) | 3.62 (0.92, 6.20) | 5.44 (2.51, 7.14)abc | 43.153 | <0.001 |
Table 5 Comparison of general information of TCM syndrome types of diabetic kidney disease patients
Item | Yin deficiency and dry heat syndrome (n = 65) | Syndrome of deficiency of both Qi and Yin (n = 126) | Liver-kidney Yin deficiency syndrome (n = 84) | Spleen-kidney Yang deficiency syndrome (n = 160) | H/χ 2 value | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 53.00 (44.50, 60.00) | 55.50 (46.75, 61.25) | 60.00 (51.25, 66.00)ab | 59.00 (54.00, 66.00)ab | 30.170 | <0.001 |
Gender [male, n (%)] | 56 (86.2) | 90 (71.4) | 54 (64.3) | 113 (70.6) | 9.100 | 0.028 |
History of DM (months) | 84.00 (30.00, 180.00) | 96.00 (48.00, 180.50) | 144.00 (87.00, 204.00)ab | 156.00 (84.00, 240.00)ab | 23.721 | <0.001 |
SBP (mm Hg) | 134.20±18.43 | 141.76±22.46a | 142.67±19.64a | 152.94±25.86abc | 12.586 | <0.001 |
DBP (mm Hg) | 79.80±11.04 | 81.48±11.94 | 78.33±12.1 | 82.12±13.04c | 2.076 | 0.103 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.20 (25.05, 29.40) | 26.44 (24.18, 28.2) | 25.65 (23.81, 28.88) | 25.9 (23.6, 28.7) | 6.591 | 0.086 |
Hb (g/L) | 135.00 (121.50, 151.50) | 119.50 (103.00, 136.25)a | 115.50 (97.25, 130.00)a | 99.00 (85.00, 115.00)abc | 88.526 | <0.001 |
GHb (%) | 6.80 (6.05, 7.90) | 6.50 (6.10, 7.50) | 6.90 (6.00, 7.78) | 6.30 (5.70, 7.30)c | 11.438 | 0.010 |
FBG (mmol/L) | 5.60 (4.67, 6.73) | 5.98 (5.12, 7.68) | 5.95 (4.70, 7.52) | 6.06 (4.83, 7.80) | 2.591 | 0.459 |
Scr (umol/L) | 104.60 (73.35, 150.70) | 125.30 (83.65, 259.25) | 179.65 (101.93, 314.38)a | 246.30 (125.10, 408.50)ab | 54.695 | <0.001 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 55.30 (34.63, 91.51) | 42.97 (18.06, 71.35)a | 28.16 (13.43, 57.05)a | 18.51 (10.32, 41.55)ab | 59.780 | <0.001 |
BUN (mg/dL) | 6.81 (5.06, 9.73) | 8.95 (5.96, 13.52)a | 9.98 (7.17, 17.44)a | 13.95 (8.81, 20.99)abc | 67.125 | <0.001 |
TC (mmol/L) | 4.09 (3.61, 5.13) | 4.33 (3.46, 5.33) | 4.03 (3.32, 4.87) | 4.76 (3.57, 6.34)c | 11.323 | 0.010 |
TG (mmol/L) | 2.28 (1.54, 3.02) | 2.00 (1.34, 2.66) | 2.07 (1.39, 2.79) | 1.77 (1.24, 2.83) | 4.267 | 0.234 |
HDL (mmol/L) | 0.88 (0.75, 1.10) | 0.93 (0.79, 1.15) | 0.94 (0.78, 1.04) | 1.02 (0.81, 1.31)c | 12.379 | 0.006 |
LDL (mmol/L) | 2.58 (1.94, 3.17) | 2.59 (1.86, 3.67) | 2.33 (1.83, 3.19) | 2.90 (1.92, 4.13)c | 8.277 | 0.041 |
UA (μmol/L) | 389.46±103.19 | 402.76±111.83 | 408.15±115.10 | 389.97±105.85 | 0.694 | 0.556 |
Alb (g/L) | 38.50 (31.65, 42.30) | 37.70 (32.75, 40.98) | 36.45 (30.95, 39.85) | 31.40 (24.50, 36.50)abc | 62.821 | <0.001 |
TP (g/L) | 62.70 (56.95, 68, 65) | 63.10 (57.33, 67.75) | 63.85 (57.55, 66.97) | 57.00 (48.30, 64.30)abc | 34.342 | <0.001 |
24 h urinary protein (g/L) | 1.53 (0.30, 5.20) | 2.87 (0.98, 5.14) | 3.62 (0.92, 6.20) | 5.44 (2.51, 7.14)abc | 43.153 | <0.001 |
Item | B | SE | Wald | df | P value | Exp(B) | 95% CI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||||||
Gender (1) | -1.282 | 0.441 | 8.441 | 1 | 0.004 | 0.277 | 0.117 | 0.659 | |
Hb (g/L) | 0.022 | 0.008 | 8.064 | 1 | 0.005 | 1.022 | 1.007 | 1.038 | |
Alb (g/L) | 0.056 | 0.020 | 7.549 | 1 | 0.006 | 1.058 | 1.016 | 1.101 | |
Egfr (mL·min-1·1.73m-2) | 0.019 | 0.005 | 12.849 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.020 | 1.009 | 1.030 | |
Constant | -7.134 | 1.016 | 49.318 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.001 | - | - |
Table 6 Correlation between clinical indexes and Yin deficiency and dry heat syndrome in diabetic kidney disease patients by logistic regression analysis
Item | B | SE | Wald | df | P value | Exp(B) | 95% CI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||||||
Gender (1) | -1.282 | 0.441 | 8.441 | 1 | 0.004 | 0.277 | 0.117 | 0.659 | |
Hb (g/L) | 0.022 | 0.008 | 8.064 | 1 | 0.005 | 1.022 | 1.007 | 1.038 | |
Alb (g/L) | 0.056 | 0.020 | 7.549 | 1 | 0.006 | 1.058 | 1.016 | 1.101 | |
Egfr (mL·min-1·1.73m-2) | 0.019 | 0.005 | 12.849 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.020 | 1.009 | 1.030 | |
Constant | -7.134 | 1.016 | 49.318 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.001 | - | - |
Item | B | SE | Wald | df | P value | Exp (B) | 95% CI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||||||
Age (years) | -0.024 | 0.010 | 5.198 | 1 | 0.023 | 0.977 | 0.957 | 0.997 | |
eGFR (mL·min-1·1.73m-2) | 0.008 | 0.003 | 5.225 | 1 | 0.022 | 1.008 | 1.001 | 1.015 | |
Alb (g/L) | 0.055 | 0.015 | 13.447 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.056 | 1.026 | 1.088 | |
Constant | -1.812 | 0.865 | 4.389 | 1 | 0.036 | 0.163 | - | - |
Table 7 Correlation between clinical indexes and syndrome of deficiency of both Qi and Yin in diabetic kidney disease patients by logistic regression analysis.
Item | B | SE | Wald | df | P value | Exp (B) | 95% CI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||||||
Age (years) | -0.024 | 0.010 | 5.198 | 1 | 0.023 | 0.977 | 0.957 | 0.997 | |
eGFR (mL·min-1·1.73m-2) | 0.008 | 0.003 | 5.225 | 1 | 0.022 | 1.008 | 1.001 | 1.015 | |
Alb (g/L) | 0.055 | 0.015 | 13.447 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.056 | 1.026 | 1.088 | |
Constant | -1.812 | 0.865 | 4.389 | 1 | 0.036 | 0.163 | - | - |
Item | B | SE | Wald | df | P value | Exp(B) | 95% CI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||||||
Age (years) | 0.028 | 0.012 | 5.336 | 1 | 0.021 | 1.028 | 1.004 | 1.053 | |
GHb (%) | 0.201 | 0.074 | 7.314 | 1 | 0.007 | 1.223 | 1.057 | 1.414 | |
TC (mmol/L) | -0.233 | 0.085 | 7.516 | 1 | 0.006 | 0.792 | 0.670 | 0.936 | |
Constant | -3.391 | 0.964 | 12.368 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.034 | - | - |
Table 8 Correlation between clinical indexes and liver-kidney Yin deficiency syndrome in diabetic kidney disease patients by logistic regression analysis
Item | B | SE | Wald | df | P value | Exp(B) | 95% CI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||||||
Age (years) | 0.028 | 0.012 | 5.336 | 1 | 0.021 | 1.028 | 1.004 | 1.053 | |
GHb (%) | 0.201 | 0.074 | 7.314 | 1 | 0.007 | 1.223 | 1.057 | 1.414 | |
TC (mmol/L) | -0.233 | 0.085 | 7.516 | 1 | 0.006 | 0.792 | 0.670 | 0.936 | |
Constant | -3.391 | 0.964 | 12.368 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.034 | - | - |
Item | B | SE | Wald | df | P value | Exp (B) | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||||||
Hb (g/L) | -0.023 | 0.006 | 13.257 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.977 | 0.965 | 0.989 |
Alb (g/L) | -0.115 | 0.019 | 38.693 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.891 | 0.859 | 0.924 |
HDL (mmol/L) | 1.217 | 0.363 | 11.230 | 1 | 0.001 | 3.376 | 1.657 | 6.879 |
eGFR(mL·min-1·1.73m-2) | -0.022 | 0.005 | 17.539 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.978 | 0.968 | 0.988 |
Constant | 5.397 | 0.901 | 35.913 | 1 | 0.000 | 220.744 | - | - |
Table 9 Correlation between clinical indexes and spleen-kidney Yang deficiency syndrome in diabetic kidney disease patients by logistic regression analysis
Item | B | SE | Wald | df | P value | Exp (B) | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||||||
Hb (g/L) | -0.023 | 0.006 | 13.257 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.977 | 0.965 | 0.989 |
Alb (g/L) | -0.115 | 0.019 | 38.693 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.891 | 0.859 | 0.924 |
HDL (mmol/L) | 1.217 | 0.363 | 11.230 | 1 | 0.001 | 3.376 | 1.657 | 6.879 |
eGFR(mL·min-1·1.73m-2) | -0.022 | 0.005 | 17.539 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.978 | 0.968 | 0.988 |
Constant | 5.397 | 0.901 | 35.913 | 1 | 0.000 | 220.744 | - | - |
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