Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine ›› 2024, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (1): 188-196.DOI: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.20231110.005
• Original articles • Previous Articles Next Articles
Differences in vascular endothelial function and serum proteome between obese people with phlegm-dampness constitution and balanced constitution
ZHU Linghui1, SUN Ziwei2, GUAN Yuanyuan1, LIU Meiyi1, ZHENG Yi1, YU Ruoxi2, WANG Qi2(
), LI Lingru2()
- 1 School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
2 National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
-
Received:2022-12-22Accepted:2023-06-15Online:2024-02-15Published:2023-11-10 -
Contact:Prof. WANG Qi, National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China, wangqi710@126.com;Prof. LI Lingru, National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China. lilingru912@163.com. Telephone: +86-13901003796; +86-13426096071 -
Supported by:General Program of National Natural Science of China: Qigui Slimming Prescription Upgrades the Activating Ability of the Phlegm-Dampness Constitution to Improve Obesity by Regulating the Thermogenesis Axis of Clostridium Enterica-Phytosphingosine-SphK/S1P-Ca2+ Cycle(82374308);National Key Research and Development Program: Development of Dietary Intervention Series for the Elderly with Decreased Functionality(2022YFC2010104);National Nonprofit Institute Research Grant for Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, CACMS: Methylation of Gut Microbiota-Host DNA Reveals the Mechanism of Promoting Phlegm-Dampness Constitution to Prevent Metabolic Diseases(YZ-202151)
Cite this article
ZHU Linghui, SUN Ziwei, GUAN Yuanyuan, LIU Meiyi, ZHENG Yi, YU Ruoxi, WANG Qi, LI Lingru. Differences in vascular endothelial function and serum proteome between obese people with phlegm-dampness constitution and balanced constitution[J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2024, 44(1): 188-196.
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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants ($\bar{x}±s$)
| Characteristic | BC obese group (n = 1 5) | PDC obese group (n = 15) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (n) | >0.9999 | ||
| Male | 8 | 8 | |
| Female | 7 | 7 | |
| Age (years) | 38.73±10.20 | 32.93±7.63 | 0.0887 |
| Height (cm) | 165.90±8.74 | 164.70±7.33 | 0.6867 |
| Weight (kg) | 74.61±12.06 | 83.16±13.76 | 0.0812 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.81±2.92 | 30.62±4.16 | 0.0515 |
| Body fat rate (%) | 33.84±8.35 | 37.52±6.34 | 0.2143 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 88.75±9.65 | 95.22±14.89 | 0.3114 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 101.70±6.54 | 105.90±9.24 | 0.3022 |
| Abdominal skinfold thickness | 44.13±9.69 | 53.44±8.72 | 0.0542 |
| Upper arm skinfold thickness | 28.88±10.47 | 32.11±11.23 | 0.5496 |
| Back skinfold thickness | 36.75±13.77 | 46.89±11.63 | 0.1205 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 123.80±15.02 | 123.60±15.50 | 0.9631 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 80.00±9.13 | 82.86±12.51 | 0.507 |
| FINS | 12.28±6.51 | 21.29±21.72 | 0.2664 |
| FBG | 5.78±0.70 | 5.40±0.32 | 0.1953 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.36±0.61 | 1.48±0.66 | 0.702 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 5.27±1.51 | 4.99±0.95 | 0.6478 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.59±0.42 | 1.27±0.37 | 0.1166 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.06±1.19 | 3.06±0.91 | 0.9954 |
| ApoA1 | 1.60±0.32 | 1.37±0.23 | 0.1108 |
| ApoB | 0.96±0.30 | 0.99±0.26 | 0.8731 |
| RHI | 2.82±0.78 | 1.47±0.30 | < 0.0001 |
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants ($\bar{x}±s$)
| Characteristic | BC obese group (n = 1 5) | PDC obese group (n = 15) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (n) | >0.9999 | ||
| Male | 8 | 8 | |
| Female | 7 | 7 | |
| Age (years) | 38.73±10.20 | 32.93±7.63 | 0.0887 |
| Height (cm) | 165.90±8.74 | 164.70±7.33 | 0.6867 |
| Weight (kg) | 74.61±12.06 | 83.16±13.76 | 0.0812 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.81±2.92 | 30.62±4.16 | 0.0515 |
| Body fat rate (%) | 33.84±8.35 | 37.52±6.34 | 0.2143 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 88.75±9.65 | 95.22±14.89 | 0.3114 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 101.70±6.54 | 105.90±9.24 | 0.3022 |
| Abdominal skinfold thickness | 44.13±9.69 | 53.44±8.72 | 0.0542 |
| Upper arm skinfold thickness | 28.88±10.47 | 32.11±11.23 | 0.5496 |
| Back skinfold thickness | 36.75±13.77 | 46.89±11.63 | 0.1205 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 123.80±15.02 | 123.60±15.50 | 0.9631 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 80.00±9.13 | 82.86±12.51 | 0.507 |
| FINS | 12.28±6.51 | 21.29±21.72 | 0.2664 |
| FBG | 5.78±0.70 | 5.40±0.32 | 0.1953 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.36±0.61 | 1.48±0.66 | 0.702 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 5.27±1.51 | 4.99±0.95 | 0.6478 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.59±0.42 | 1.27±0.37 | 0.1166 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.06±1.19 | 3.06±0.91 | 0.9954 |
| ApoA1 | 1.60±0.32 | 1.37±0.23 | 0.1108 |
| ApoB | 0.96±0.30 | 0.99±0.26 | 0.8731 |
| RHI | 2.82±0.78 | 1.47±0.30 | < 0.0001 |
Figure 1 Enrichment analysis based on online databases A: KEGG enrichment analyses of the 66 DEPs; B: disease enrichment analyses of the 66 DEPs; C-E: biological process, cellular component, and molecular function enrichment analyses of the 66 DEPs. KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes; DEPs: differentially expressed proteins; c-FLIP: cellular Fas-associating death domain-like interleukin 1β converting enzyme inhibitory protein; PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor; ECM: extra cellular matrix; TRAIL: tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; Akt: protein kinase B; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Figure 1 Enrichment analysis based on online databases A: KEGG enrichment analyses of the 66 DEPs; B: disease enrichment analyses of the 66 DEPs; C-E: biological process, cellular component, and molecular function enrichment analyses of the 66 DEPs. KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes; DEPs: differentially expressed proteins; c-FLIP: cellular Fas-associating death domain-like interleukin 1β converting enzyme inhibitory protein; PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor; ECM: extra cellular matrix; TRAIL: tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; Akt: protein kinase B; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Figure 2 Network analysis of 66 differential expressed proteins via cytoscape A: PPI network of DEPs generated via String database; B: core protein module generated via CytoHubba, demonstrating the key DEPs; C: molecular complex detection analysis results of the DEPs. PPI: protein protein interaction; DEPs: differentially expressed proteins; A2M: alpha 2 macroglobulin; ACP3: acid phosphatase 3; AHSG: alpha 2 HS glycoprotein; ALB: albumin; ANXA7: annexin 7; ApoA2: apolipoprotein A2; ApoC2: apolipoprotein C2; APP: amyloid precursor protein; AZGP1: alpha 2 glycoprotein 1; CD200: immunoregulatory protein CD200; CFHR2: complement factor H-related protein 2; CP: ceruloplasmin; CRP: C-reactive protein; FADD: Fas-associated death domain; FETUB: Fetuin B; FN1: fibronectin 1; FoxP3: forkhead box protein P3; GAL: galanin; GAST: gastrin; GRN: granulin precursor; HCRT: hypocretin neuropeptide; ICAM-2: intercellular adhesion molecule 2; IL-33: interleukin-33; ITGB3: integrin subunit beta 3; ITM2B: integral membrane protein 2B; KLK7: kallikrein-related peptidase 7; MBL: mannose-binding lectin; MDK: midkine; MME: membrane metalloendopeptidase; MMP27: matrix metalloproteinase 27; POMC: proopiomelanocortin; POU5F1: POU class 5 homeobox 1; PTX3: pentraxin 3; RET: rearranged during transfection; ROR2: receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2; sFRP-1: secreted frizzled-related protein 1; sFRP-4: secreted frizzled-related protein 4; SLC6A4: solute carrier family 6 member 4; SPP1: secreted phosphoprotein 1; TIMP-2: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2; TNFRSF4: tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 4; TNFSF11: tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 11; TNFSF13B: tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 13B; TLR2: toll-like receptor 2; XRCC6: X-ray repair cross complementing 6; ZAP70: zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70.
Figure 2 Network analysis of 66 differential expressed proteins via cytoscape A: PPI network of DEPs generated via String database; B: core protein module generated via CytoHubba, demonstrating the key DEPs; C: molecular complex detection analysis results of the DEPs. PPI: protein protein interaction; DEPs: differentially expressed proteins; A2M: alpha 2 macroglobulin; ACP3: acid phosphatase 3; AHSG: alpha 2 HS glycoprotein; ALB: albumin; ANXA7: annexin 7; ApoA2: apolipoprotein A2; ApoC2: apolipoprotein C2; APP: amyloid precursor protein; AZGP1: alpha 2 glycoprotein 1; CD200: immunoregulatory protein CD200; CFHR2: complement factor H-related protein 2; CP: ceruloplasmin; CRP: C-reactive protein; FADD: Fas-associated death domain; FETUB: Fetuin B; FN1: fibronectin 1; FoxP3: forkhead box protein P3; GAL: galanin; GAST: gastrin; GRN: granulin precursor; HCRT: hypocretin neuropeptide; ICAM-2: intercellular adhesion molecule 2; IL-33: interleukin-33; ITGB3: integrin subunit beta 3; ITM2B: integral membrane protein 2B; KLK7: kallikrein-related peptidase 7; MBL: mannose-binding lectin; MDK: midkine; MME: membrane metalloendopeptidase; MMP27: matrix metalloproteinase 27; POMC: proopiomelanocortin; POU5F1: POU class 5 homeobox 1; PTX3: pentraxin 3; RET: rearranged during transfection; ROR2: receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2; sFRP-1: secreted frizzled-related protein 1; sFRP-4: secreted frizzled-related protein 4; SLC6A4: solute carrier family 6 member 4; SPP1: secreted phosphoprotein 1; TIMP-2: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2; TNFRSF4: tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 4; TNFSF11: tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 11; TNFSF13B: tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 13B; TLR2: toll-like receptor 2; XRCC6: X-ray repair cross complementing 6; ZAP70: zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70.
Figure 3 Receiver operating curves of screened DEPs A-G: ROC of TLR2 (A), TIMP-2 (B), APP (C), FoxP3 (D), IL-33 (E), ApoC2 (F), and ApoA2 (G) between the PDC and BC obese groups; H-J: ROC of MMP-7 (H), ACE-2 (I), and PDGF-AA (J) between the PDC and BC obese groups. BC obese group: balanced constitution obese group consisted of 15 balanced constitution obese participants lived in Beijing for at least 1 year; PDC obese group: phlegm-dampness constitution obese group consisted of 15 balanced constitution obese participants lived in Beijing for at least 1 year. ROC: receiver operating curves; DEPs: differentially expressed proteins; PDC: phlegm-dampness constitution; BC: balanced constitution; TLR2: toll-like receptor 2; TIMP-2: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2; APP: amyloid precursor protein; FoxP3: forkhead box protein P3; IL-33: interleukin-33; ApoC2: apolipoprotein C2; ApoA2: apolipoprotein A2; MMP-7: matrix metalloproteinase-7; ACE-2: angiotensin converting enzyme 2; PDGF-AA: platelet-derived growth factor-AA; AUC: area under curve.
Figure 3 Receiver operating curves of screened DEPs A-G: ROC of TLR2 (A), TIMP-2 (B), APP (C), FoxP3 (D), IL-33 (E), ApoC2 (F), and ApoA2 (G) between the PDC and BC obese groups; H-J: ROC of MMP-7 (H), ACE-2 (I), and PDGF-AA (J) between the PDC and BC obese groups. BC obese group: balanced constitution obese group consisted of 15 balanced constitution obese participants lived in Beijing for at least 1 year; PDC obese group: phlegm-dampness constitution obese group consisted of 15 balanced constitution obese participants lived in Beijing for at least 1 year. ROC: receiver operating curves; DEPs: differentially expressed proteins; PDC: phlegm-dampness constitution; BC: balanced constitution; TLR2: toll-like receptor 2; TIMP-2: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2; APP: amyloid precursor protein; FoxP3: forkhead box protein P3; IL-33: interleukin-33; ApoC2: apolipoprotein C2; ApoA2: apolipoprotein A2; MMP-7: matrix metalloproteinase-7; ACE-2: angiotensin converting enzyme 2; PDGF-AA: platelet-derived growth factor-AA; AUC: area under curve.
Figure 4 Comparison of key proteins via t-test between the PDC and BC obese groups A-F: Box plot showing the difference in the two groups of six serum proteins significantly correlated with RHI. A: ACE-2; B: ApoA2; C: FoxP3; D: IL-33; E: TLR2; F: PDGF-AA. BC obese group: balanced constitution obese group consisted of 15 balanced constitution obese participants lived in Beijing for at least 1 year; PDC obese group: phlegm-dampness constitution obese group consisted of 15 balanced constitution obese participants lived in Beijing for at least 1 year. ACE-2: angiotensin converting enzyme 2; ApoA2: apolipoprotein A2; FoxP3: forkhead box protein P3; IL-33: interleukin-33; TLR2: toll-like receptor 2; PDGF-AA: platelet-derived growth factor-AA. PDC: phlegm-dampness constitution; BC: balanced constitution. Data were presented as mean ± 95% confident interval (n = 15). Significant differences compared with BC group were designated as aP < 0.05.
Figure 4 Comparison of key proteins via t-test between the PDC and BC obese groups A-F: Box plot showing the difference in the two groups of six serum proteins significantly correlated with RHI. A: ACE-2; B: ApoA2; C: FoxP3; D: IL-33; E: TLR2; F: PDGF-AA. BC obese group: balanced constitution obese group consisted of 15 balanced constitution obese participants lived in Beijing for at least 1 year; PDC obese group: phlegm-dampness constitution obese group consisted of 15 balanced constitution obese participants lived in Beijing for at least 1 year. ACE-2: angiotensin converting enzyme 2; ApoA2: apolipoprotein A2; FoxP3: forkhead box protein P3; IL-33: interleukin-33; TLR2: toll-like receptor 2; PDGF-AA: platelet-derived growth factor-AA. PDC: phlegm-dampness constitution; BC: balanced constitution. Data were presented as mean ± 95% confident interval (n = 15). Significant differences compared with BC group were designated as aP < 0.05.
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