Advanced Search

Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine >

2022 , Vol. 42 >Issue 5: 741 - 748

DOI: https://doi.org/10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.2022.05.007

Research Articles

Protective efficacy of dark chocolate in letrozole-induced ovary toxicity model rats: hormonal, biochemical, and histopathological investigation

  • Mirazi Naser ,
  • Hesami Sheida ,
  • Nourian Alireza ,
  • Hosseini Abdolkarim
Expand
  • 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6517433391, Iran
    2 Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6517433391, Iran
    3 Department of Animal Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983969411, Iran
Prof. Naser Mirazi, Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6517433391, Iran. mirazi205@gmail.com Telephone: +98-91-88125741

Received date: 2021-11-11

  Accepted date: 2022-02-17

  Online published: 2022-09-02

Fold

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To assess the protective effect of dark chocolate (DC) on the letrozole-induced rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

METHODS: In this experimental study, 32 female Wistar rats, weighing (200 ± 20) g, were randomly categorized into 4 groups including control, letrozole (1 mg·kg-1·d-1), metformin (500 mg·kg-1·d-1) along with letrozole, and DC (500 mg·kg-1·d-1) along with letrozole for 28 d by oral gavage. Twenty-four hours after the last supplementation, direct blood sampling was taken from the heart to obtain blood serum for evaluation of sex hormones and gonadotropins, oxidative parameters, inflammatory cytokines, and ovarian tissue was examined for histology.

RESULTS: The DC treatment significantly improved PCOS signs, as demonstrated by the significant restoration of ovarian morphology and physiological functions as compared with the letrozole group. DC treatment also decreased ovarian interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α levels and improved total oxidative/antioxidative status as compared with the letrozole group.

CONCLUSIONS: Treating the animals with DC could alleviate the PCOS symptoms and reduced the toxic effects of letrozole in the ovary. This effect may mediate through antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties.

Key words： chocolate; letrozole; metformin; polycystic ovary syndrome; antioxidants; anti-inflammatory agents

Cite this article

Mirazi Naser , Hesami Sheida , Nourian Alireza , Hosseini Abdolkarim . Protective efficacy of dark chocolate in letrozole-induced ovary toxicity model rats: hormonal, biochemical, and histopathological investigation[J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2022 , 42(5) : 741 -748 . DOI: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.2022.05.007

References

1. Ajmal N, Khan SZ, Shaikh R. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and genetic predisposition: a review article. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol X 2019; 3: 100060.
2. Goldrat O, Delbaere A. PCOS: update and diagnostic approach. Clin Biochem 2018; 62: 24-31.
3. Yang W, Yang R, Lin M, et al. Body mass index and basal androstenedione are independent risk factors for miscarriage in polycystic ovary syndrome. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2018; 16: 119.
4. Sam S, Ehrmann DA. Metformin therapy for the reproductive and metabolic consequences of polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetologia 2017; 60: 1656-61.
5. Macut D, Bjekić-Macut J, Rahelić D, Doknić M. Insulin and the polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2017; 130: 163-70.
6. Badawy A, Elnashar A. Treatment options for polycystic ovary syndrome. Int J Womens Health 2011; 3: 25-35.
7. Arentz S, Abbott JA, Smith CA, Bensoussan A. Herbal medicine for the management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and associated oligo/amenorrhoea and hyperandrogenism; a review of the laboratory evidence for effects with corroborative clinical findings. BMC Complement Altern Med 2014; 14: 511.
8. Sherafatmanesh S, Ekramzadeh M, Tanideh N, Golmakani MT, Koohpeyma F. The effects of thylakoid-rich spinach extract and aqueous extract of caraway (Carum carvi L.) in letrozole-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome rats. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20: 249.
9. Salah KB, Mahjoub MA, Chaumont JP, et al. Chemical composition and in vitro antifungal and antioxidant activity of the essential oil and methanolic extract of Teucrium sauvagei Le Houerou. Nat Prod Res 2006; 20: 1089-97.
10. Caparosa MH, Hartel RW. Structure and properties of chocolate. In: Melton L, Shahidi F, Varelis P, editors. Encyclopedia of food chemistry. Oxford: Academic Press; 2019: 61-5.
11. Katz DL, Doughty K, Ali A. Cocoa and chocolate in human health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15: 2779-811.
12. Yu PL, Pu HF, Chen SY, Wang SW, Wang PS. Effects of catechin, epicatechin and epigallocatechin gallate on testosterone production in rat leydig cells. J Cell Biochem 2010; 110: 333-42.
13. Ashkar F, Eftekhari MH, Tanideh N, et al. Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Berberis integerrima and resveratrol on ovarian morphology and biochemical parameters in Letrozole-induced polycystic ovary syndrome rat model: an experimental study. Int J Reprod Biomed 2020; 18: 637-50.
14. Alivandi Farkhad S, Khazali H. Therapeutic effects of isoflavone-aglycone fraction from soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) in rats with estradiol valerate-induced polycystic ovary syndrome as an inflammatory state. Gynecol Endocrinol 2019; 35: 1078-83.
15. Karateke A, Dokuyucu R, Dogan H, et al. Investigation of therapeutic effects of erdosteine on polycystic ovary syndrome in a rat model. Med Princ Pract 2018; 27: 515-22.
16. Madhavadas S, Kapgal VK, Kutty BM, Subramanian S. The neuroprotective effect of dark chocolate in monosodium glutamate-induced nontransgenic alzheimer disease model rats: biochemical, behavioral, and histological studies. J Diet Suppl 2016; 13: 449-60.
17. Conlee KM, Stephens ML, Rowan AN, King LA. Carbon dioxide for euthanasia: concerns regarding pain and distress, with special reference to mice and rats. Lab Anim 2005; 39: 137-61.
18. Kakadia N, Patel P, Deshpande S, Shah G. Effect of Vitex negundo L. seeds in letrozole induced polycystic ovarian syndrome. J Tradit Complement Med 2019; 9: 336-45.
19. Darabi P, Khazali H, Mehrabani Natanzi M. Therapeutic potentials of the natural plant flavonoid apigenin in polycystic ovary syndrome in rat model: via modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and antioxidant activity. Gynecol Endocrinol 2020; 36: 582-7.
20. Rettori V, Belova N, Dees WL, Nyberg CL, Gimeno M, McCann SM. Role of nitric oxide in the control of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone release in vivo and in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 10130-4.
21. Lopes Lda S, Marques RB, Fernandes HB, et al. Mechanisms of the antinociceptive action of (-) epicatechin obtained from the hydroalcoholic fraction of Combretum leprosum Mart & Eic in rodents. J Biomed Sci 2012; 19: 68.
22. Tahergorabi Z, Abedini MR, Mitra M, Fard MH, Beydokhti H. "Ziziphus jujuba": A red fruit with promising anticancer activities. Pharmacogn Rev 2015; 9: 99-106.
23. Kably Ambe A, Anguas JR, Mondragón EC, Krivitsky SK. Intrafollicular levels of sexual steroids and their relation with the antioxidant enzymes on the oocyte quality in an in vitro fertilization program. Ginecol Obstet Mex 2005; 73: 19-27.
24. LaPolt PS, Hong LS. Inhibitory effects of superoxide dismutase and cyclic guanosine 3', 5'-monophosphate on estrogen production in cultured rat granulosa cells. J Endocrinology 1995; 136: 5533-9.
25. Al-Gubory KH, Huet JC, Pernollet JC, Martal J, Locatelli A. Corpus luteum derived copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase serves as a luteinizing hormone-release inhibiting factor in sheep. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2003; 199: 1-9.
26. De Leo V, Musacchio MC, Cappelli V, Massaro MG, Morgante G, Petraglia F. Genetic, hormonal and metabolic aspects of PCOS: an update. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2016; 14: 38.
27. Abuelezz NZ, Shabana ME, Abdel-Mageed HM, Rashed L, Morcos GNB. Nanocurcumin alleviates insulin resistance and pancreatic deficits in polycystic ovary syndrome rats: Insights on PI3K/AkT/mTOR and TNF-α modulations. Life Sci 2020; 256: 118003.
28. Jafarirad S, Ayoobi N, Karandish M, Jalali MT, Haghighizadeh MH, Jahanshahi A. dark chocolate effect on serum adiponectin, biochemical and inflammatory parameters in diabetic patients: a randomized clinical trial. Int J Prev Med 2018; 9: 86.
29. Villarreal-Calderon R, Reed W, Palacios-Moreno J, et al. Urban air pollution produces up-regulation of myocardial inflammatory genes and dark chocolate provides cardioprotection. Exp Toxicol Pathol 2012; 64: 297-306.
30. Ben Lagha A, Maquera Huacho P, Grenier D. A cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) extract impairs the growth, virulence properties, and inflammatory potential of Fusobacterium nucleatum and improves oral epithelial barrier function. PLoS One 2021; 16: e0252029.
31. Álvarez-Cilleros D, López-Oliva ME, Ramos S, Martín M. Preventive effect of cocoa flavanols against glucotoxicity-induced vascular inflammation in the arteria of diabetic rats and on the inflammatory process in TNF-α-stimulated endothelial cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146: 111824.
32. He Z, Wang Y, Zhuan L, et al. MIF-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway regulates the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome in rats. Cytokine 2021; 146: 155632.
33. Ma X, Li X, Ma L, Chen Y, He S. Soy isoflavones alleviate polycystic ovary syndrome in rats by regulating NF- κB signaling pathway. Bioengineered 2021; 12: 7215-23.
34. Vázquez-Agell M, Urpi-Sarda M, Sacanella E, et al. Cocoa consumption reduces NF-κB activation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in humans. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2013; 23: 257-63.
35. Faure M, Bertoldo MJ, Khoueiry R, et al. Metformin in reproductive biology. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9: 675.
36. Taub PR, Ramirez-Sanchez I, Patel M, et al. Beneficial effects of dark chocolate on exercise capacity in sedentary subjects: underlying mechanisms. A double blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial. Food Funct 2016; 7: 3686-93.
Options
Outlines

/

〈 〉