Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (6): 1283-1294.DOI: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.2025.06.008
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New approach to overcoming antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus by combining Guanghuoxiang (Herba Pogostemonis) and Penicillin G Sodium treatments
JING Wenguang1, WANG Zhixia2, PI Wenmin2, WU Haonan1,3, LI Minghua1, WANG Penglong2, CHENG Xianlong1, WEI Feng4(
)
- 1 National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
2 School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
3 Faculty of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
4 National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
-
Received:2025-04-12Accepted:2025-08-25Online:2025-12-15Published:2025-11-24 -
Contact:WEI Feng, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China. weifeng@nifdc.org.cn, Telephone: +86-18810035056 -
About author:JING Wenguang and WANG Zhixia are co-first authors and contributed equally to this work -
Supported by:State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, Establishment of a Comprehensive Evaluation Method for the Quality of Chinese Medicinal Herbs Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. and Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz) Schischk., Suited to the Characteristics of Traditional Chinese Medicine(2023SKLDRS0101)
Cite this article
JING Wenguang, WANG Zhixia, PI Wenmin, WU Haonan, LI Minghua, WANG Penglong, CHENG Xianlong, WEI Feng. New approach to overcoming antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus by combining Guanghuoxiang (Herba Pogostemonis) and Penicillin G Sodium treatments[J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025, 45(6): 1283-1294.
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Table 1 Regression equations and linear ranges of each control substance
| No. | Regression equation | R | Linear range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caryophyllene oxide | Y=858X+0.4682 | 0.9992 | 4.76-71.46 g/mL |
| Patchouli alcohol | Y=857.44X+1.0775 | 0.9990 | 4.73-94.64 g/mL |
| Pogostone | Y=2444.5X-5.1023 | 0.9991 | 3.39-50.82 g/mL |
Table 1 Regression equations and linear ranges of each control substance
| No. | Regression equation | R | Linear range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caryophyllene oxide | Y=858X+0.4682 | 0.9992 | 4.76-71.46 g/mL |
| Patchouli alcohol | Y=857.44X+1.0775 | 0.9990 | 4.73-94.64 g/mL |
| Pogostone | Y=2444.5X-5.1023 | 0.9991 | 3.39-50.82 g/mL |
Table 2 Precision experiment - peak area and peak area ratio RSD
| No. | S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | S6 | RSD (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caryophyllene oxide | 2471882 | 2639722 | 2507915 | 2596946 | 2470183 | 2305369 | 1.8203 |
| Patchouli alcohol | 3943481 | 4259755 | 4006344 | 4104033 | 3906534 | 3636020 | 1.7459 |
| Pogostone | 3767505 | 3904119 | 3843637 | 3899166 | 3657586 | 3453915 | 2.7115 |
Table 2 Precision experiment - peak area and peak area ratio RSD
| No. | S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | S6 | RSD (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caryophyllene oxide | 2471882 | 2639722 | 2507915 | 2596946 | 2470183 | 2305369 | 1.8203 |
| Patchouli alcohol | 3943481 | 4259755 | 4006344 | 4104033 | 3906534 | 3636020 | 1.7459 |
| Pogostone | 3767505 | 3904119 | 3843637 | 3899166 | 3657586 | 3453915 | 2.7115 |
Table 3 Repeatability experiment-peak area and peak area ratio RSD
| No. | S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | S6 | RSD (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caryophyllene oxide | 381858 | 423003 | 375939 | 414591 | 442563 | 538847 | 2.8961 |
| Patchouli alcohol | 13553868 | 15164488 | 13408770 | 14425733 | 15760117 | 18144196 | 2.9788 |
| Pogostone | 1926698 | 2319662 | 2103888 | 2171956 | 2402670 | 2825714 | 2.3107 |
Table 3 Repeatability experiment-peak area and peak area ratio RSD
| No. | S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | S6 | RSD (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caryophyllene oxide | 381858 | 423003 | 375939 | 414591 | 442563 | 538847 | 2.8961 |
| Patchouli alcohol | 13553868 | 15164488 | 13408770 | 14425733 | 15760117 | 18144196 | 2.9788 |
| Pogostone | 1926698 | 2319662 | 2103888 | 2171956 | 2402670 | 2825714 | 2.3107 |
Table 4 Stability experiment-peak area and peak area ratio RSD
| No. | 0 h | 2 h | 4 h | 8 h | 12 h | 24 h | RSD (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caryophyllene oxide | 381858 | 442246 | 519094 | 698911 | 673852 | 739221 | 4.6254 |
| Patchouli alcohol | 14553868 | 16451970 | 18628266 | 25345087 | 26531630 | 25681622 | 4.9204 |
| Pogostone | 1926698 | 2433963 | 2955132 | 4118752 | 4058584 | 4030975 | 3.0018 |
Table 4 Stability experiment-peak area and peak area ratio RSD
| No. | 0 h | 2 h | 4 h | 8 h | 12 h | 24 h | RSD (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caryophyllene oxide | 381858 | 442246 | 519094 | 698911 | 673852 | 739221 | 4.6254 |
| Patchouli alcohol | 14553868 | 16451970 | 18628266 | 25345087 | 26531630 | 25681622 | 4.9204 |
| Pogostone | 1926698 | 2433963 | 2955132 | 4118752 | 4058584 | 4030975 | 3.0018 |
Table 5 Recovery experiment-average recovery and RSD
| No. | Average recovery (%) | RSD (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Caryophyllene oxide | 103.47% | 2.45% |
| Patchouli alcohol | 92.08% | 2.00% |
| Pogostone | 108.55% | 1.10% |
Table 5 Recovery experiment-average recovery and RSD
| No. | Average recovery (%) | RSD (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Caryophyllene oxide | 103.47% | 2.45% |
| Patchouli alcohol | 92.08% | 2.00% |
| Pogostone | 108.55% | 1.10% |
Table 6 Contents of caryophyllene oxide, pogostone and bactinol in Guanghuoxiang (Herba Pogostemonis) samples
| Samples | Caryophyllene oxide (%) | Pogostone (%) | Patchouli alcohol (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCB-ZQ | 0.0483 | 0.0123 | 0.4904 |
| PCB-YJ | 0.0592 | 0.0277 | 0.7688 |
Table 6 Contents of caryophyllene oxide, pogostone and bactinol in Guanghuoxiang (Herba Pogostemonis) samples
| Samples | Caryophyllene oxide (%) | Pogostone (%) | Patchouli alcohol (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCB-ZQ | 0.0483 | 0.0123 | 0.4904 |
| PCB-YJ | 0.0592 | 0.0277 | 0.7688 |
Figure 1 Preliminary investigation of the antibacterial effect of Guanghuoxiang (Herba Pogostemonis) A: MIC test of Guanghuoxiang (Herba Pogostemonis) samples (n = 3); B: bacterial plate coating at MIC concentration, B1: control group; B2: PCB-ZQ; B3: PCB-YJ. C: Live/dead bacteria staining after treatment with Guanghuoxiang (Herba Pogostemonis) samples. (Scale bar: 80 μm), C1, C2, C3: control group; C4, C5, C6: PCB-ZQ; C7, C8, C9: PCB-YJ; D: bacterial morphology of Guanghuoxiang (Herba Pogostemonis) samples (scale bar: 1 μm); D1: control group; D2: PCB-ZQ; D3: PCB-YJ.
Figure 1 Preliminary investigation of the antibacterial effect of Guanghuoxiang (Herba Pogostemonis) A: MIC test of Guanghuoxiang (Herba Pogostemonis) samples (n = 3); B: bacterial plate coating at MIC concentration, B1: control group; B2: PCB-ZQ; B3: PCB-YJ. C: Live/dead bacteria staining after treatment with Guanghuoxiang (Herba Pogostemonis) samples. (Scale bar: 80 μm), C1, C2, C3: control group; C4, C5, C6: PCB-ZQ; C7, C8, C9: PCB-YJ; D: bacterial morphology of Guanghuoxiang (Herba Pogostemonis) samples (scale bar: 1 μm); D1: control group; D2: PCB-ZQ; D3: PCB-YJ.
Figure 2 Removal effect of Guanghuoxiang (Herba Pogostemonis) samples on biofilm. A: The removal effect of Guanghuoxiang (Herba Pogostemonis) samples on biofilm was determined by XTT staining. B: Image of bacterial biofilm after XTT staining, B1: control group; B2: PCB-ZQ; B3: PCB-YJ. C: SEM images of biofilm processed by PCB-ZQ and PCB-YJ (scale: 10 μm), C1, C4: control group; C2, C5: PCB-ZQ; C3, C6: PCB-YJ.
Figure 2 Removal effect of Guanghuoxiang (Herba Pogostemonis) samples on biofilm. A: The removal effect of Guanghuoxiang (Herba Pogostemonis) samples on biofilm was determined by XTT staining. B: Image of bacterial biofilm after XTT staining, B1: control group; B2: PCB-ZQ; B3: PCB-YJ. C: SEM images of biofilm processed by PCB-ZQ and PCB-YJ (scale: 10 μm), C1, C4: control group; C2, C5: PCB-ZQ; C3, C6: PCB-YJ.
Figure 3 Combination of Guanghuoxiang (Herba Pogostemonis) and PGS A: Test of MIC of PCB-ZQ, PCB-YJ and PGS groups (Horizontal coordinate: top: concentration of Guanghuoxiang (Herba Pogostemonis) samples; bottom: concentration of PGS). B: Results of bacteriostatic rate of PCB-ZQ combined with PGS. C: Results of bacteriostatic rate of PCB-YJ combined with PGS; D: Staining results of live/dead bacteria in each group at 1/4MIC of combine (scale bar 80 μm), D1, D7, D13: control group; D2, D8, D14: PCB-ZQ; D3, D9, D15: PCB-YJ; D4, D10, D16: PGS; D5, D11, D17: P-Z; D6, D12, D18: P-Y. E: Staining results of live/dead bacteria in each group at 1/4MIC of combine (scale bar 20 μm 10 μm 1 μm), E1, E7, E13: control group; E2, E8, E14: PCB-ZQ; E3, E9, E15: PCB-YJ; E4, E10, E16: PGS; E5, E11, E17: P-Z; E6, E12, E18: P-Y.
Figure 3 Combination of Guanghuoxiang (Herba Pogostemonis) and PGS A: Test of MIC of PCB-ZQ, PCB-YJ and PGS groups (Horizontal coordinate: top: concentration of Guanghuoxiang (Herba Pogostemonis) samples; bottom: concentration of PGS). B: Results of bacteriostatic rate of PCB-ZQ combined with PGS. C: Results of bacteriostatic rate of PCB-YJ combined with PGS; D: Staining results of live/dead bacteria in each group at 1/4MIC of combine (scale bar 80 μm), D1, D7, D13: control group; D2, D8, D14: PCB-ZQ; D3, D9, D15: PCB-YJ; D4, D10, D16: PGS; D5, D11, D17: P-Z; D6, D12, D18: P-Y. E: Staining results of live/dead bacteria in each group at 1/4MIC of combine (scale bar 20 μm 10 μm 1 μm), E1, E7, E13: control group; E2, E8, E14: PCB-ZQ; E3, E9, E15: PCB-YJ; E4, E10, E16: PGS; E5, E11, E17: P-Z; E6, E12, E18: P-Y.
Figure 4 Metabolomic analysis of Control, PGS, PCB-YJ, P-Y A: OPLSDA diagram; A1: P-Y compared to control group; A2: P-Y compared to PGS; A3: P-Y compared to PCB-YJ; B: volcanic maps of each group; B1: P-Y compared to control group; B2: P-Y compared to PGS; B3: P-Y compared to PCB-YJ; C: Major differential metabolites of each group; D: Metabolic pathways; E: Cluster heatmap. Control group: nutrient broth; PGS: Penicillin G Sodium; PCB-YJ: Yangjiang City; P-Y: PGS and PCB-YJ combined. (n = 8).
Figure 4 Metabolomic analysis of Control, PGS, PCB-YJ, P-Y A: OPLSDA diagram; A1: P-Y compared to control group; A2: P-Y compared to PGS; A3: P-Y compared to PCB-YJ; B: volcanic maps of each group; B1: P-Y compared to control group; B2: P-Y compared to PGS; B3: P-Y compared to PCB-YJ; C: Major differential metabolites of each group; D: Metabolic pathways; E: Cluster heatmap. Control group: nutrient broth; PGS: Penicillin G Sodium; PCB-YJ: Yangjiang City; P-Y: PGS and PCB-YJ combined. (n = 8).
Table 7 The metabolic pathways of PGS, PCB-YJ and P-Y
| Group | PGS | PCB-YJ | P-Y |
|---|---|---|---|
| Metabolites | Carboxylic acids and derivatives Organooxygen compounds Purine nucleosides Indoles and derivatives Pteridines and derivatives | lmidazopyrimidines Carboxylic acids and derivatives Organooxygen compounds Isoprenoids Indoles and derivatives | Organonitrogen compounds Arboxylic acids and derivatives Purine nucleosides Purine nucleotides Tetrapyrroles and derivatives |
| Metabolic pathways | Purine metabolism Arginine and proline metabolism Biotin metabolism Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism | Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis Biosynthesis of various antibiotics Carotenoid biosynthesis Glutathione metabolism | Arginine and proline metabolism Phenylalanine metabolism Riboflavin metabolism Pentose and glucurpnate interconversions Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism |
Table 7 The metabolic pathways of PGS, PCB-YJ and P-Y
| Group | PGS | PCB-YJ | P-Y |
|---|---|---|---|
| Metabolites | Carboxylic acids and derivatives Organooxygen compounds Purine nucleosides Indoles and derivatives Pteridines and derivatives | lmidazopyrimidines Carboxylic acids and derivatives Organooxygen compounds Isoprenoids Indoles and derivatives | Organonitrogen compounds Arboxylic acids and derivatives Purine nucleosides Purine nucleotides Tetrapyrroles and derivatives |
| Metabolic pathways | Purine metabolism Arginine and proline metabolism Biotin metabolism Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism | Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis Biosynthesis of various antibiotics Carotenoid biosynthesis Glutathione metabolism | Arginine and proline metabolism Phenylalanine metabolism Riboflavin metabolism Pentose and glucurpnate interconversions Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism |
Table 8 The same metabolites of Control vs PGS, Control vs PCB-YJ, Control vs P-Y
| Compound name | KEGG ID | HMDB | PubChem | Control vs PGS | Control vs PCB-YJ | Control vs P-Y | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FC | P value | Trend | FC | P value | Trend | FC | P value | Trend | ||||||
| Flavin mononucleotide | C00061 | HMDB0001520 | 643976 | 4.57E+00 | 0.0065285 | up | 6.70E+01 | 3.74E-11 | up | 4.54E+00 | 9.47E-04 | up | ||
| Ornithine | C00077 | HMDB0000214 | 6262 | 2.21E+00 | 2.74E-13 | up | 2.70E+00 | 1.12E-15 | up | 4.17E+00 | 1.03E-17 | up | ||
| Proline | C00148 | HMDB0000162 | 145742 | 2.07E+00 | 1.03E-15 | up | 2.56E+00 | 3.73E-18 | up | 3.80E+00 | 5.72E-18 | up | ||
| Pyridoxal | C00250 | HMDB0001545 | 1050 | 4.46E+01 | 0.011403 | up | 1.54E+02 | 4.60E-04 | up | 2.14E+02 | 1.49E-04 | up | ||
| 5-Thymidylic acid | C00364 | HMDB0001227 | 9700 | 2.14E+00 | 5.67E-09 | up | 2.94E+00 | 3.24E-10 | up | 4.26E+00 | 1.32E-13 | up | ||
| Xanthylic acid | C00655 | HMDB0001554 | 73323 | 2.01E+00 | 6.03E-10 | up | 2.55E+00 | 4.86E-11 | up | 3.73E+00 | 6.71E-14 | up | ||
| 8-Amino-7-oxononanoate | C01092 | METPA0126 | NA | 0.00 | 0.00013789 | down | 7.05E-02 | 1.33E-15 | down | 9.17E-02 | 3.78E-15 | down | ||
| 5-Aminoimidazole ribonucleotide | C03373 | HMDB0001235 | 161500 | 2.11E+00 | 2.50E-08 | up | 4.03E-02 | 2.97E-10 | down | 2.43E-01 | 1.16E-08 | down | ||
| Adenylsuccinic acid | C03794 | HMDB0000536 | 447145 | 9.16E-03 | 7.32E-05 | down | 4.09E-01 | 1.56E-10 | down | 1.64E-02 | 2.83E-04 | down | ||
| UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-6-carboxy-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine | C04882 | METPA0553 | NA | 4.77E+00 | 6.24E-08 | up | 9.44E+00 | 1.76E-07 | up | 3.17E+01 | 3.03E-10 | up | ||
| 3-Oxotetradecanoyl-CoA | C05261 | HMDB0003935 | 11966197 | 4.79E-01 | 0.005514 | down | 1.70E-01 | 1.83E-05 | down | 3.07E-01 | 2.08E-04 | down | ||
| UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-6-carboxy-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine | C04882 | METPA0553 | NA | 4.77E+00 | 6.24E-08 | up | 9.44E+00 | 1.76E-07 | up | 3.17E+01 | 3.03E-10 | up | ||
| Nicotinic acid ribonucleoside | C05841 | HMDB0006809 | 161234 | 4.73E-01 | 1.43E-10 | down | 3.68E-01 | 1.05E-11 | down | 3.58E-01 | 2.14E-12 | down | ||
| 5-L-Glutamyl-taurine | C05844 | HMDB0004195 | 68759 | 4.44E-01 | 1.56E-12 | down | 2.28E-01 | 1.10E-14 | down | 2.11E-01 | 7.81E-15 | down | ||
| Arbutin 6-phosphate | C06187 | METPA0783 | NA | 1.46E-01 | 1.10E-06 | down | 1.18E-01 | 9.03E-07 | down | 2.00E-01 | 1.23E-05 | down | ||
| 4,4'-Diapophytoene | C16144 | METPA1832 | NA | 7.22E+01 | 0.024326 | up | 3.85E+01 | 5.15E-03 | up | 7.25E+01 | 2.35E-05 | up | ||
| 4,4'-Diaponeurosporenic acid | C16146 | METPA1831 | NA | 0.00 | 1.22E-10 | down | 2.02E+00 | 3.66E-12 | up | 8.67E-01 | 6.39E-11 | down | ||
| 7-Methyl-3-oxo-6-octenoyl-CoA | C16466 | HMDB0060421 | 9549325 | 1.75E-01 | 1.39E-08 | down | 2.52E-01 | 3.05E-06 | down | 2.19E-01 | 7.93E-09 | down | ||
| 5-Methyl-3-oxo-4-hexenoyl-CoA | C16471 | HMDB0060399 | 9549331 | 2.87E-01 | 2.99E-08 | down | 3.51E-01 | 3.63E-06 | down | 3.56E-01 | 2.38E-08 | down | ||
| Molybdoenzyme molybdenum cofactor | C18237 | NA | NA | 4.57E-01 | 0.001064 | down | 1.51E-01 | 1.35E-05 | down | 3.91E-01 | 3.85E-04 | down | ||
Table 8 The same metabolites of Control vs PGS, Control vs PCB-YJ, Control vs P-Y
| Compound name | KEGG ID | HMDB | PubChem | Control vs PGS | Control vs PCB-YJ | Control vs P-Y | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FC | P value | Trend | FC | P value | Trend | FC | P value | Trend | ||||||
| Flavin mononucleotide | C00061 | HMDB0001520 | 643976 | 4.57E+00 | 0.0065285 | up | 6.70E+01 | 3.74E-11 | up | 4.54E+00 | 9.47E-04 | up | ||
| Ornithine | C00077 | HMDB0000214 | 6262 | 2.21E+00 | 2.74E-13 | up | 2.70E+00 | 1.12E-15 | up | 4.17E+00 | 1.03E-17 | up | ||
| Proline | C00148 | HMDB0000162 | 145742 | 2.07E+00 | 1.03E-15 | up | 2.56E+00 | 3.73E-18 | up | 3.80E+00 | 5.72E-18 | up | ||
| Pyridoxal | C00250 | HMDB0001545 | 1050 | 4.46E+01 | 0.011403 | up | 1.54E+02 | 4.60E-04 | up | 2.14E+02 | 1.49E-04 | up | ||
| 5-Thymidylic acid | C00364 | HMDB0001227 | 9700 | 2.14E+00 | 5.67E-09 | up | 2.94E+00 | 3.24E-10 | up | 4.26E+00 | 1.32E-13 | up | ||
| Xanthylic acid | C00655 | HMDB0001554 | 73323 | 2.01E+00 | 6.03E-10 | up | 2.55E+00 | 4.86E-11 | up | 3.73E+00 | 6.71E-14 | up | ||
| 8-Amino-7-oxononanoate | C01092 | METPA0126 | NA | 0.00 | 0.00013789 | down | 7.05E-02 | 1.33E-15 | down | 9.17E-02 | 3.78E-15 | down | ||
| 5-Aminoimidazole ribonucleotide | C03373 | HMDB0001235 | 161500 | 2.11E+00 | 2.50E-08 | up | 4.03E-02 | 2.97E-10 | down | 2.43E-01 | 1.16E-08 | down | ||
| Adenylsuccinic acid | C03794 | HMDB0000536 | 447145 | 9.16E-03 | 7.32E-05 | down | 4.09E-01 | 1.56E-10 | down | 1.64E-02 | 2.83E-04 | down | ||
| UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-6-carboxy-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine | C04882 | METPA0553 | NA | 4.77E+00 | 6.24E-08 | up | 9.44E+00 | 1.76E-07 | up | 3.17E+01 | 3.03E-10 | up | ||
| 3-Oxotetradecanoyl-CoA | C05261 | HMDB0003935 | 11966197 | 4.79E-01 | 0.005514 | down | 1.70E-01 | 1.83E-05 | down | 3.07E-01 | 2.08E-04 | down | ||
| UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-6-carboxy-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine | C04882 | METPA0553 | NA | 4.77E+00 | 6.24E-08 | up | 9.44E+00 | 1.76E-07 | up | 3.17E+01 | 3.03E-10 | up | ||
| Nicotinic acid ribonucleoside | C05841 | HMDB0006809 | 161234 | 4.73E-01 | 1.43E-10 | down | 3.68E-01 | 1.05E-11 | down | 3.58E-01 | 2.14E-12 | down | ||
| 5-L-Glutamyl-taurine | C05844 | HMDB0004195 | 68759 | 4.44E-01 | 1.56E-12 | down | 2.28E-01 | 1.10E-14 | down | 2.11E-01 | 7.81E-15 | down | ||
| Arbutin 6-phosphate | C06187 | METPA0783 | NA | 1.46E-01 | 1.10E-06 | down | 1.18E-01 | 9.03E-07 | down | 2.00E-01 | 1.23E-05 | down | ||
| 4,4'-Diapophytoene | C16144 | METPA1832 | NA | 7.22E+01 | 0.024326 | up | 3.85E+01 | 5.15E-03 | up | 7.25E+01 | 2.35E-05 | up | ||
| 4,4'-Diaponeurosporenic acid | C16146 | METPA1831 | NA | 0.00 | 1.22E-10 | down | 2.02E+00 | 3.66E-12 | up | 8.67E-01 | 6.39E-11 | down | ||
| 7-Methyl-3-oxo-6-octenoyl-CoA | C16466 | HMDB0060421 | 9549325 | 1.75E-01 | 1.39E-08 | down | 2.52E-01 | 3.05E-06 | down | 2.19E-01 | 7.93E-09 | down | ||
| 5-Methyl-3-oxo-4-hexenoyl-CoA | C16471 | HMDB0060399 | 9549331 | 2.87E-01 | 2.99E-08 | down | 3.51E-01 | 3.63E-06 | down | 3.56E-01 | 2.38E-08 | down | ||
| Molybdoenzyme molybdenum cofactor | C18237 | NA | NA | 4.57E-01 | 0.001064 | down | 1.51E-01 | 1.35E-05 | down | 3.91E-01 | 3.85E-04 | down | ||
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