Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine ›› 2024, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (3): 586-594.DOI: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.2024.03.003
• Original articles • Previous Articles Next Articles
YIN Lingjia1, STÅLSBY LUNDBORG Cecilia2, WU Darong3(), YANG Jinghua4, ALVESSON Helle Mølsted2, CAI Jianxiong3, LU Taoying3, XIE Qianwen5, MARRONE Gaetano2
Received:
2023-01-22
Accepted:
2023-05-25
Online:
2024-06-15
Published:
2024-04-30
Contact:
Prof. WU Darong, State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China. Supported by:
YIN Lingjia, STÅLSBY LUNDBORG Cecilia, WU Darong, YANG Jinghua, ALVESSON Helle Mølsted, CAI Jianxiong, LU Taoying, XIE Qianwen, MARRONE Gaetano. Effect of pediatric Tuina on children's recurrent acute respiratory tract infections: a retrospective cohort study in Southern China[J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2024, 44(3): 586-594.
Figure 1 Flowchart of the screening process Some children had two or more diseases listed among the exclusion criteria, so the number of excluded children was smaller than the sum of the number of children for each excluded disease.
Characteristic | All (n = 2303) | Non-PT group (n = 2209) | PT group (n = 94) | Test value | P value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age in months (median, 25%-75%) | 36.0 (24.0-48.0) | 36.0 (24.0-48.0) | 36.0 (24.0-48.0) | 1.644a | 0.10 | |||||
Sex [n (%)] | 3.338b | 0.07 | ||||||||
Female | 1014 (44.0) | 964 (43.6) | 50 (53.2) | |||||||
Male | 1289 (56.0) | 1245 (56.4) | 44 (46.8) | |||||||
Medical insurance type [(n (%)] | 13.272b | 0.01 | ||||||||
No insurance | 813 (35.3) | 785 (35.5) | 28 (29.8) | |||||||
Resident insurance | 1188 (51.6) | 1143(51.7) | 45 (47.9) | |||||||
Governmental employee insurance-district level | 129 (5.6) | 124 (5.6) | 5 (5.3) | |||||||
Governmental employee insurance-city level | 116 (5.0) | 106 (4.8) | 10 (10.6) | |||||||
Governmental employee insurance-province level | 57 (2.5) | 51 (2.3) | 6 (6.4) | |||||||
Number of outpatient visits due to ARTIs (mean±SD) | 11.6±4.6 | 11.5±4.6 | 12.8±5.2 | -2.629a | 0.01 | |||||
Number of episodes of ARTIs (mean±SD) | 7.3±1.6 | 7.3±1.6 | 7.6±1.9 | -1.418a | 0.16 | |||||
Number of visits due to upper ARTIs (mean±SD) | 8.5±4.4 | 8.5±4.4 | 9.1±4.4 | -1.528a | 0.13 | |||||
Number of visits due to lower ARTIs (mean±SD) | 3.1±3.5 | 3.1±3.5 | 3.7±3.8 | -1.688a | 0.09 | |||||
Number of children prescribed with antibiotics at least once [(n (%)] | 1308.0±56.8 | 1257.0±56.9 | 51.0±54.3 | 0.300b | 0.61 | |||||
Number of outpatient antibiotics prescriptions (mean±SD) | 1.2±1.5 | 1.2±1.5 | 1.2±1.6 | 0.401a | 0.76 | |||||
Antibiotics [(n (%)] | ||||||||||
Cefixime (J01DD08) | 345 (15.0) | 330 (14.9) | 15 (16.0) | 0.073b | 0.79 | |||||
Cefaclor (J01DC04) | 211 (9.2) | 203 (9.2) | 8 (8.5) | 0.050b | 0.82 | |||||
Cefprozil (J01DC10) | 147 (6.4) | 145 (6.6) | 2 (2.1) | 2.970b | 0.09 | |||||
Ceftriaxone (J01DD04) | 52 (2.3) | 48 (2.2) | 4 (4.3) | 1.772b | 0.18 | |||||
Cefuroxime (J01DC02) | 15 (0.7) | 15 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0.643b | 0.42 | |||||
Cefradine (J01DB09) | 1 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.043b | 0.84 | |||||
Azithromycin (J01FA10) | 884 (38.4) | 848 (38.4) | 36 (38.3) | 0.0003b | 0.99 | |||||
Amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium (J01CR02) | 7 (0.3) | 7 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.2988b | 0.58 | |||||
Amoxicillin (J01CA04) | 2 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.085b | 0.77 | |||||
Roxithromycin (J01FA06) | 2 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.085b | 0.77 | |||||
Clindamycin (J01FF01) | 95 (4.1) | 91 (4.1) | 4 (4.3) | 0.004b | 0.95 | |||||
Other Western medicine [(n (%)] | ||||||||||
Pidotimod (L03AX05) | 772 (33.5) | 739 (33.5) | 33 (35.1) | 0.111b | 0.74 | |||||
Oseltamivir (J05AH02) | 640 (27.8) | 611 (27.7) | 29 (30.9) | 0.458b | 0.50 | |||||
Montelukast sodium (R03DC03) | 1,155 (50.2) | 1,113 (50.4) | 42 (44.7) | 1.173b | 0.28 | |||||
Nebulized inhalation therapy [(n (%)] | 2093 (91.0) | 2012 (91.1) | 81 (86.2) | 2.625b | 0.11 | |||||
Drugs used for nebulized inhalation therapy [(n (%)] | ||||||||||
Salbutamol sulfate (R03CC02) | 1727 (75.0) | 1661 (75.2) | 66 (70.2) | 1.192b | 0.27 | |||||
Budesonide (R03BA02) | 982 (42.6) | 940 (42.6) | 42 (44.7) | 0.167b | 0.68 | |||||
Ipratropium bromide (R03BB01) | 1183 (51.4) | 1130 (51.2) | 53 (56.4) | 0.987b | 0.32 | |||||
Xinju | 999 (43.4) | 965 (43.7) | 34 (36.2) | 2.073b | 0.15 | |||||
Houning | 1372 (59.6) | 1322 (59.8) | 50 (53.2) | 1.658b | 0.20 | |||||
Nasal irrigation [(n (%)] | 182 (7.9) | 182 (8.2) | 0 (0.8) | 8.409b | 0.01 | |||||
Chinese medicine and therapies [(n (%)] | ||||||||||
Chinese herb decoction | 2236 (97.1) | 2142 (97.0) | 94 (100.0) | 2.937b | 0.09 | |||||
Application with herbal cream on acupoints | 1324 (57.5) | 1261 (57.1) | 63 (67.0) | 3.643b | 0.06 | |||||
Application with intermediate frequency equipment on acupoints | 1920 (83.4) | 1844 (83.5) | 76 (80.9) | 0.448b | 0.50 | |||||
Application with laser on acupoints | 488 (21.2) | 467 (21.1) | 21 (22.3) | 0.078b | 0.78 | |||||
Acupuncture | 4 (0.2) | 4 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.171b | 0.68 | |||||
Ear acupoints therapy | 56 (2.4) | 53 (2.4) | 3 (3.2) | 0.239b | 0.63 | |||||
Cupping | 3 (0.1) | 3 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.128b | 0.72 | |||||
Moxibustion | 10 (0.4) | 10 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.427b | 0.51 | |||||
Bee needle acupuncture | 10 (0.4) | 10 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.427b | 0.51 | |||||
Application with infrared ray on body | 10 (0.4) | 9 (0.4) | 1 (1.1) | 0.899b | 0.34 |
Table 1 Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the included children in 2016
Characteristic | All (n = 2303) | Non-PT group (n = 2209) | PT group (n = 94) | Test value | P value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age in months (median, 25%-75%) | 36.0 (24.0-48.0) | 36.0 (24.0-48.0) | 36.0 (24.0-48.0) | 1.644a | 0.10 | |||||
Sex [n (%)] | 3.338b | 0.07 | ||||||||
Female | 1014 (44.0) | 964 (43.6) | 50 (53.2) | |||||||
Male | 1289 (56.0) | 1245 (56.4) | 44 (46.8) | |||||||
Medical insurance type [(n (%)] | 13.272b | 0.01 | ||||||||
No insurance | 813 (35.3) | 785 (35.5) | 28 (29.8) | |||||||
Resident insurance | 1188 (51.6) | 1143(51.7) | 45 (47.9) | |||||||
Governmental employee insurance-district level | 129 (5.6) | 124 (5.6) | 5 (5.3) | |||||||
Governmental employee insurance-city level | 116 (5.0) | 106 (4.8) | 10 (10.6) | |||||||
Governmental employee insurance-province level | 57 (2.5) | 51 (2.3) | 6 (6.4) | |||||||
Number of outpatient visits due to ARTIs (mean±SD) | 11.6±4.6 | 11.5±4.6 | 12.8±5.2 | -2.629a | 0.01 | |||||
Number of episodes of ARTIs (mean±SD) | 7.3±1.6 | 7.3±1.6 | 7.6±1.9 | -1.418a | 0.16 | |||||
Number of visits due to upper ARTIs (mean±SD) | 8.5±4.4 | 8.5±4.4 | 9.1±4.4 | -1.528a | 0.13 | |||||
Number of visits due to lower ARTIs (mean±SD) | 3.1±3.5 | 3.1±3.5 | 3.7±3.8 | -1.688a | 0.09 | |||||
Number of children prescribed with antibiotics at least once [(n (%)] | 1308.0±56.8 | 1257.0±56.9 | 51.0±54.3 | 0.300b | 0.61 | |||||
Number of outpatient antibiotics prescriptions (mean±SD) | 1.2±1.5 | 1.2±1.5 | 1.2±1.6 | 0.401a | 0.76 | |||||
Antibiotics [(n (%)] | ||||||||||
Cefixime (J01DD08) | 345 (15.0) | 330 (14.9) | 15 (16.0) | 0.073b | 0.79 | |||||
Cefaclor (J01DC04) | 211 (9.2) | 203 (9.2) | 8 (8.5) | 0.050b | 0.82 | |||||
Cefprozil (J01DC10) | 147 (6.4) | 145 (6.6) | 2 (2.1) | 2.970b | 0.09 | |||||
Ceftriaxone (J01DD04) | 52 (2.3) | 48 (2.2) | 4 (4.3) | 1.772b | 0.18 | |||||
Cefuroxime (J01DC02) | 15 (0.7) | 15 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0.643b | 0.42 | |||||
Cefradine (J01DB09) | 1 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.043b | 0.84 | |||||
Azithromycin (J01FA10) | 884 (38.4) | 848 (38.4) | 36 (38.3) | 0.0003b | 0.99 | |||||
Amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium (J01CR02) | 7 (0.3) | 7 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.2988b | 0.58 | |||||
Amoxicillin (J01CA04) | 2 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.085b | 0.77 | |||||
Roxithromycin (J01FA06) | 2 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.085b | 0.77 | |||||
Clindamycin (J01FF01) | 95 (4.1) | 91 (4.1) | 4 (4.3) | 0.004b | 0.95 | |||||
Other Western medicine [(n (%)] | ||||||||||
Pidotimod (L03AX05) | 772 (33.5) | 739 (33.5) | 33 (35.1) | 0.111b | 0.74 | |||||
Oseltamivir (J05AH02) | 640 (27.8) | 611 (27.7) | 29 (30.9) | 0.458b | 0.50 | |||||
Montelukast sodium (R03DC03) | 1,155 (50.2) | 1,113 (50.4) | 42 (44.7) | 1.173b | 0.28 | |||||
Nebulized inhalation therapy [(n (%)] | 2093 (91.0) | 2012 (91.1) | 81 (86.2) | 2.625b | 0.11 | |||||
Drugs used for nebulized inhalation therapy [(n (%)] | ||||||||||
Salbutamol sulfate (R03CC02) | 1727 (75.0) | 1661 (75.2) | 66 (70.2) | 1.192b | 0.27 | |||||
Budesonide (R03BA02) | 982 (42.6) | 940 (42.6) | 42 (44.7) | 0.167b | 0.68 | |||||
Ipratropium bromide (R03BB01) | 1183 (51.4) | 1130 (51.2) | 53 (56.4) | 0.987b | 0.32 | |||||
Xinju | 999 (43.4) | 965 (43.7) | 34 (36.2) | 2.073b | 0.15 | |||||
Houning | 1372 (59.6) | 1322 (59.8) | 50 (53.2) | 1.658b | 0.20 | |||||
Nasal irrigation [(n (%)] | 182 (7.9) | 182 (8.2) | 0 (0.8) | 8.409b | 0.01 | |||||
Chinese medicine and therapies [(n (%)] | ||||||||||
Chinese herb decoction | 2236 (97.1) | 2142 (97.0) | 94 (100.0) | 2.937b | 0.09 | |||||
Application with herbal cream on acupoints | 1324 (57.5) | 1261 (57.1) | 63 (67.0) | 3.643b | 0.06 | |||||
Application with intermediate frequency equipment on acupoints | 1920 (83.4) | 1844 (83.5) | 76 (80.9) | 0.448b | 0.50 | |||||
Application with laser on acupoints | 488 (21.2) | 467 (21.1) | 21 (22.3) | 0.078b | 0.78 | |||||
Acupuncture | 4 (0.2) | 4 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.171b | 0.68 | |||||
Ear acupoints therapy | 56 (2.4) | 53 (2.4) | 3 (3.2) | 0.239b | 0.63 | |||||
Cupping | 3 (0.1) | 3 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.128b | 0.72 | |||||
Moxibustion | 10 (0.4) | 10 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.427b | 0.51 | |||||
Bee needle acupuncture | 10 (0.4) | 10 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.427b | 0.51 | |||||
Application with infrared ray on body | 10 (0.4) | 9 (0.4) | 1 (1.1) | 0.899b | 0.34 |
Item | Number of ARTIs episodes in 2017 | Number of ARTIs episodes in 2018 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude IRR (95% CI) | Adjusted IRR (95% CI)a | Crude IRR (95% CI) | Adjusted IRR (95% CI)a | ||
Non-PT | REF | REF | REF | REF | |
PT | 0.96 (0.81-1.13) | 0.91 (0.78-1.07) | 1.08 (0.86-1.36) | 1.03 (0.83-1.29) | |
Number of PT in 2016 | |||||
0 | REF | REF | REF | REF | |
1-2 | 0.98 (0.77-1.25) | 1.00 (0.80-1.26) | 1.10 (0.79-1.54) | 1.19 (0.87-1.64) | |
3-5 | 1.10 (0.82-1.46) | 1.04 (0.79-1.36) | 1.30 (0.87-1.93) | 1.16 (0.79-1.69) | |
≥6 | 0.73 (0.51-1.04) | 0.59 (0.42-0.84)b | 0.75 (0.46-1.22) | 0.58 (0.36-0.94)c |
Table 2 IRRs and 95% CIs for the number of ARTIs episodes in 2017 and 2018 in children with PT versus children without PT in 2016
Item | Number of ARTIs episodes in 2017 | Number of ARTIs episodes in 2018 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude IRR (95% CI) | Adjusted IRR (95% CI)a | Crude IRR (95% CI) | Adjusted IRR (95% CI)a | ||
Non-PT | REF | REF | REF | REF | |
PT | 0.96 (0.81-1.13) | 0.91 (0.78-1.07) | 1.08 (0.86-1.36) | 1.03 (0.83-1.29) | |
Number of PT in 2016 | |||||
0 | REF | REF | REF | REF | |
1-2 | 0.98 (0.77-1.25) | 1.00 (0.80-1.26) | 1.10 (0.79-1.54) | 1.19 (0.87-1.64) | |
3-5 | 1.10 (0.82-1.46) | 1.04 (0.79-1.36) | 1.30 (0.87-1.93) | 1.16 (0.79-1.69) | |
≥6 | 0.73 (0.51-1.04) | 0.59 (0.42-0.84)b | 0.75 (0.46-1.22) | 0.58 (0.36-0.94)c |
Item | The number of outpatient visits due to ARTIs in 2017 | The number of outpatient visits due to ARTIs in 2018 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude IRR (95% CI) | Adjusted IRR (95% CI)a | Crude IRR (95% CI) | Adjusted IRR (95% CI)a | |||
Non-PT | REF | REF | REF | REF | ||
PT | 0.99 (0.81-1.22) | 0.97 (0.80-1.16) | 1.12 (0.86-1.46) | 1.07 (0.83-1.37) | ||
Number of massages in 2016 | ||||||
0 | REF | REF | REF | REF | ||
1-2 | 1.01 (0.76-1.35) | 1.06 (0.82-1.40) | 1.07 (0.73-1.58) | 1.22 (0.85-1.75) | ||
3-5 | 1.17 (0.83-1.66) | 1.13 (0.82-1.56) | 1.37 (0.87-2.18) | 1.19 (0.77-1.83) | ||
≥6 | 0.73 (0.48-1.11) | 0.56 (0.38-0.83)b | 0.89 (0.52-1.54) | 0.62 (0.37-1.06) |
Table 3 IRRs and 95% CIs for the number of outpatient visits due to ARTIs in 2017 and 2018 in children with PT versus children without PT in 2016
Item | The number of outpatient visits due to ARTIs in 2017 | The number of outpatient visits due to ARTIs in 2018 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude IRR (95% CI) | Adjusted IRR (95% CI)a | Crude IRR (95% CI) | Adjusted IRR (95% CI)a | |||
Non-PT | REF | REF | REF | REF | ||
PT | 0.99 (0.81-1.22) | 0.97 (0.80-1.16) | 1.12 (0.86-1.46) | 1.07 (0.83-1.37) | ||
Number of massages in 2016 | ||||||
0 | REF | REF | REF | REF | ||
1-2 | 1.01 (0.76-1.35) | 1.06 (0.82-1.40) | 1.07 (0.73-1.58) | 1.22 (0.85-1.75) | ||
3-5 | 1.17 (0.83-1.66) | 1.13 (0.82-1.56) | 1.37 (0.87-2.18) | 1.19 (0.77-1.83) | ||
≥6 | 0.73 (0.48-1.11) | 0.56 (0.38-0.83)b | 0.89 (0.52-1.54) | 0.62 (0.37-1.06) |
1. | Naghavi M, Abajobir AA, Abbafati C, et al. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 2017; 390: 1151-210. |
2. |
McAllister DA, Liu L, Shi T, et al. Global, regional, and national estimates of pneumonia morbidity and mortality in children younger than 5 years between 2000 and 2015: a systematic analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2019; 7: e47-57.
DOI URL |
3. |
Liu L, Oza S, Hogan D, et al. Global, regional, and national causes of under-5 mortality in 2000-15: an updated systematic analysis with implications for the Sustainable Development Goals. Lancet 2016; 388: 3027-35.
DOI PMID |
4. |
Nicolai A, Frassanito A, Nenna R, et al. Risk factors for virus-induced acute respiratory tract infections in children younger than 3 years and recurrent wheezing at 36 months follow-up after discharge. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2017; 36: 179-83.
DOI PMID |
5. | Yin XM, Tian GX, Wang TY, et al. Correlation analysis between weather data obtained by python crawler and consultation rate of lung diseases in children. Zhong Guo Xun Zheng Xin Xue Guan Yi Xue Za Zhi 2019; 11: 1047-49, 61. |
6. | Li ZL, Wu P, Li SQ, Ma J, Ye K. Analysis of influencing factors of 2-5 years old children with recurrent upper respiratory tract infection. Zhong Guo Yi Yao Dao Bao 2019; 16: 88-91. |
7. |
Toivonen L, Karppinen S, Schuez-Havupalo L, et al. Burden of recurrent respiratory tract infections in children: a prospective cohort study. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2016; 35: e362-9.
DOI URL |
8. |
de Martino M, Ballotti S. The child with recurrent respiratory infections: normal or not? Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2007; Suppl 18: 13-8.
DOI URL |
9. |
Cohen R, Just J, Koskas M, et al. Recurrent respiratory tract infections: how should we investigate and treat? Arch Pediatr 2005; 12: 183-90.
DOI URL |
10. | El-Azami-El-Idrissi M, Lakhdar-Idrissi M, Chaouki S, Atmani S, Bouharrou A, Hida M. Pediatric recurrent respiratory tract infections: when and how to explore the immune system? (About 53 cases). Pan Afr Med J 2016; 24: 53. |
11. |
Munteanu AN, Surcel M, Huica RI, et al. Peripheral immune cell markers in children with recurrent respiratory infections in the absence of primary immunodeficiency. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18: 1693-700.
DOI PMID |
12. | Schaad UB, Esposito S, Razi CH. Diagnosis and management of recurrent respiratory tract infections in children: a practical guide. Arch Pediatr Infect Dis 2015; 4: e31039. |
13. |
Chicoulaa B, Haas H, Viala J, Salvetat M, Olives JP. How French general practitioners manage and prevent recurrent respiratory tract infections in children: the SOURIRRE survey. Int J Gen Med 2017; 10: 61-8.
DOI PMID |
14. |
Marengo R, Ortega Martell JA, Esposito S. Paediatric recurrent ear, nose and throat infections and complications: can we do more? Infect Dis Ther 2020; 9: 275-90.
DOI PMID |
15. | Wang DQ, Lin XF. Discussion on massage therapy to health protection in prescriptions worth a thousand gold. Shandong Zhong Yi Za Zhi 2000; 19: 579-80. |
16. |
Huillet A, Erdie-Lalena C, Norvell D, Davis BE. Complementary and alternative medicine used by children in military pediatric clinics. J Altern Complement Med 2011; 17: 531-7.
DOI URL |
17. | Barnes PM, Bloom B, Nahin RL. Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults and children: United States, 2007. Natl Health Stat Report 2008: 1-23. |
18. |
Smith C, Eckert K. Prevalence of complementary and alternative medicine and use among children in South Australia. J Paediatr Child Health 2006; 42: 538-43.
DOI URL |
19. | Li H, Wu JW, Zhou YP. Latest research progress of Traditional Chinese Medicine anti-respiratory virus. Zhong Guo Lin Chuang Yao Li Xue Za Zhi 2020; 36: 2725-7, 31. |
20. | Tang W, Zhang LY, Tang LP, Liu YH, Shao XN. Effects of massage in treatment of recurrent respiratory tract infection: a Meta-analysis. Zhong Hua Zhong Yi Yao Za Zhi 2016; 31: 4277-80. |
21. | Li RR, Wang YG, Ren FJ, Zhao Y, Xiao X. Meta-analysis on Tuina treatment for children with acute upper respiratory infection. Liaoning Zhong Yi Za Zhi 2018; 45: 1801-4. |
22. | Weng ZL, Wen XY, Yang JH. Effect analysis of clinical pathway of integrated Chinese and Western Medicine therapy for bronchitis in children. Xin Zhong Yi 2017; 49: 104-6. |
23. | National Health Commision, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Chinese medicine health management service for children aged 0-36 months, 2013-8-2, cited 2020-7-16. Available from URL: http://www.natcm.gov.cn/yizhengsi/gongzuodongtai/2018-03-24/2783.html. |
24. | Liu F, Li M, Zhang F, Cao ML. Expert consensus on intervention in recurrent respiratory tract infection in children with Tuina guided by ‘treatment before its onset’ in TCM. Shi Jie Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2020; 15: 767-9, 84. |
25. | Wang YG, Sun WQ, Zhan Q, Committee HQCCHEGoCITSCaC. Expert consensus on children Tuina intervention with coronavirus disease 2019 in children (first edition). Tianjin Zhong Yi Yao 2020; 37: 1114-8. |
26. | Population Division of the Guangzhou Municipal Bureau of Statistics, Population size and distribution of Guangzhou in 2016, 2017-3-1, cited 2020-10-31. Available from URL: http://tjj.gz.gov.cn/stats_newtjyw/tjsj/tjgb/qtgb/content/post_8540209.html. |
27. | Zang WB, Liu GE, Xu F, Xiong XJ. The effect of urban resident basic medical insurance on household consumption. Jing Ji Yan Jiu 2012; 47: 75-85. |
28. | Hong JM, Zhao SY, Mo ZY, Qiu YB, Guo YQ. A report on the storage of the extend codes standard dictionary of international classification of diseases for the hospitals in Guangdong province. Zhong Guo Bing An 2007; 8: 4-5. |
29. | Association TprgoCM. Clinical definition and treatment principles of recurrent respiratory tract infections. Zhong Hua Er Ke Za Zhi 2008; 46: 108-10. |
30. |
de Oliveira TB, Klering EA, da Veiga ABG. Is recurrent respiratory infection associated with allergic respiratory disease? J Asthma 2019; 56: 160-6.
DOI PMID |
31. | Yang Y. Clinical study of pediatric Tuina on recurrent respiratory tract infection. Guangzhou: Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; 2015: 1-32 |
32. | Selda Yuzer Alsac SP. Effects of acupressure and massage therapy in relieving respiratory problems in children with respiratory distress. Int J Caring Sci 2019; 12: 1537. |
33. | Helen MM, Hepzibah B, Anita D. Effectiveness of massage therapy on respiratory status among toddlers with lower respiratory tract infection. J Health Ailled Sci NU 2015; 5: 49-54. |
34. | Liu ZJ, Li T, Zhao LJ. Analysis on the rules of acupoint application of massage prescription in children with recurrent respiratory tract infections. Zhong Yi Zhong Yao 2019; 32: 265. |
35. |
Bossuyt X, Moens L, Van Hoeyveld E, et al. Coexistence of (partial) immune defects and risk of recurrent respiratory infections. Clin Chem 2007; 53: 124-30.
PMID |
36. | Pasternak G, Lewandowicz-Uszyńska A, Pentoś K. Disorders of humoral immunity in children with IgG subclass deficiency and recurrent respiratory infections. Adv Exp Med Biol 2018; 1108: 99-106. |
37. | Feng XB, Huang W, Liu F, Fang CY, Yu SL, Ma YH. Recurrent respiratory tract infection and immunoglobulin G subclass deficiency in children. Binzhou Yi Xue Yuan Xue Bao 1996; 19: 119-21. |
38. | Liu S, Sun JX, Zhou ZX. Recurrent respiratory tract infection and deficiency of immunoglobulin G and IgA subclasses in children. Shi Yong Er Ke Lin Chuang Za Zhi 2002; 17: 328-9. |
39. | Li G, Chen Y, Chen XK. The effect of massage for children on the physical development and immune function of kindergarten children. Shenzhen Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2017; 27: 70-1. |
40. | Zhuo Y, Zhang X, Liu MJ, et al. Effect of chiropractic therapy of Traditional Chinese Medicine on immune function of children with recurrent respiratory tract infection. Zhong Guo Fu You Bao Jian 2013; 28: 3782-33. |
41. |
Cannell JJ, Vieth R, Umhau JC, et al. Epidemic influenza and vitamin D. Epidemiol Infect 2006; 134: 1129-40.
DOI PMID |
42. |
Wayse V, Yousafzai A, Mogale K, Filteau S. Association of subclinical vitamin D deficiency with severe acute lower respiratory infection in Indian children under 5 y. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004; 58: 563-7.
DOI PMID |
43. |
Karatekin G, Kaya A, Salihoglu O, Balci H, Nuhoglu A. Association of subclinical vitamin D deficiency in newborns with acute lower respiratory infection and their mothers. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009; 63: 473-7.
PMID |
44. | Wang XJ, Zhao XP, Wang CZ, Peng NC, Li SJ, Li HJ. The influence of Liu's pediatric massage therapy on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level in children with vitamin D deficiency. Zhong Yi Yao Dao Bao 2018; 24: 47-9. |
45. |
Li L, Wang F, Liu Y, Gu F. Intestinal microbiota dysbiosis in children with recurrent respiratory tract infections. Microb Pathog 2019; 136: 103709.
DOI URL |
46. | Mao YL, Zhang H, Chen ZW. Study on the mechanism of infantile Tuina based on the theraputic effects of gut microbiota on respiratory and digestive diseases. Zhong Yi Yao Dao Bao 2017; 23: 40-2. |
47. | Wang LQ, Ge JL. Immunization and intestinal canal microecosystem mechanism of chiropractic in treating children's fever caused by exogenous pathogens. Henan Zhong Yi 2007; 27: 25-7. |
48. | Zhu Y, Xiong Y, Gu Y, Li Q, Liu Y. Chiropractic therapy modulated gut microbiota and attenuated allergic airway inflammation in an immature rat model. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26: e926039. |
49. | Wang ZH, Yang QY, Liu MJ, et al. Effect of back massage on serum immune cells and immunoglobulin in subacute aging and immunocompromised rabbits. Zhong Guo Zhong Yi Ji Chu Yi Xue Za Zhi 2020; 26: 622-4. |
50. | Shen YP, Meng QZ, Meng LZ, Liu J. The effect of Tuina as an adjuvant to children's recurrent respiratory tract infections and the influence on the serum immunoglobulin. Shandong Yi Yao 2015; 55: 82-4. |
51. | Chen WG. Effect of massage therapy on serum immunoglobulin level in children with recurrent respiratory tract infection. Guangming Zhong Yi 2017; 32: 2976-8. |
52. | Wang JL, Wang C, Xiong B, Liu JC. Effect of massage combined with chiropracticon on changes of T lymphocyte subsets and serum immunoglobulin levels for children with recurrent respiratory tract infection. Sichuan Zhong Yi 2019; 37: 186-9. |
53. |
Haussler M, Whitfield G, Haussler C, et al. The nuclear vitamin D receptor: biological and molecular regulatory properties revealed. JBMR 1998; 13: 325-49.
DOI URL |
54. |
Mora JR, Iwata M, von Andrian UH. Vitamin effects on the immune system: vitamins A and D take centre stage. Nat Rev Immunol 2008; 8: 685-98.
DOI PMID |
55. |
Mazmanian SK, Liu CH, Tzianabos AO, Kasper DL. An immunomodulatory molecule of symbiotic bacteria directs maturation of the host immune system. Cell 2005; 122: 107-18.
DOI PMID |
56. |
Wu H, Ivanov I, Darce J, et al. Gut-residing segmented filamentous bacteria drive autoimmune arthritis via T helper 17 cells. Immunity 2010; 32: 815-27.
DOI URL |
57. |
Dabrowska-Leonik N, Bernatowska E, Pac M, et al. Vitamin D deficiency in children with recurrent respiratory infections, with or without immunoglobulin deficiency. Adv Med Sci 2018; 63: 173-8.
DOI URL |
58. |
Xu J, Yang Y. Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Chinese health care system. Health Policy 2009; 90: 133-9.
DOI PMID |
59. |
Hesketh T, Zhu WX. Health in China: Traditional Chinese Medicine: one country, two systems. BMJ 1997; 315: 115-7.
PMID |
60. | Shi X, Zhu D, Nicholas S, Hong B, Man X, He P. Is Traditional Chinese Medicine “mainstream" in China? Trends in Traditional Chinese Medicine health resources and their utilization in Traditional Chinese Medicine hospitals from 2004 to 2016. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2020; 2020: 9313491. |
61. | Chen LJ, Yan SJ, Sang HS. Demand and utilization of TCM services in China. In: the editorial committee of Traditional Medicine and Human Health. Research on Medical and Health Policies, Regulations, and Laws. 2004: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference of Traditional Medicine 2004 Nov 13-15; Beijing, China. Beijing: Traditional Chinese Medicine Ancient Literature Publishing House, 2004: 290-1. |
62. | Weng YX, Cen YY, Ou HP. Application of children massage combined with family participation nursing in children health care. Wei Liang Yuan Su Yu Jian Kang Yan Jiu 2020; 37: 83-4. |
63. | Guo XL. The value of children's massage combined with family participation nursing in children's health care. Guo Ji Gan Ran Bing Xue 2019; 8: 155. |
64. | Zhu AN, Miao YF, Lin T, et al. Discussion on the participation of infantile massage in community health care. Guangming Zhong Yi 2015; 30: 2009-12. |
[1] | YANG Ye, ZHANG Aihui, LI Anmao. Celastrol promotes apoptotic cell death in children neuroblastoma cells through caspases dependent pathway [J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2022, 42(6): 877-884. |
[2] | XIE Yunhui, GU Hao, ZHAO Qing, LI Dejie, GONG Ying, XIE Junxing, SHI Guofeng. Efficacy of meridian massage for motor function after a stroke: a systematic review and Meta-analysis [J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2022, 42(3): 321-331. |
[3] | Kyou-Hwan Han, Ki Haeng Cho, CUI Shanqin, Lily Lin, Jaejong Kim. Effectiveness and safety of traditional Chinese herbs in children with cough variant asthma: a systematic review and Meta-analysis [J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2021, 41(5): 661-668. |
[4] | LAI Qingzhong, ZHANG Xianjie, CHEN Meilan, HAN Zhicun. Salvia miltiorrhiza-asarum ointment combined with Chinese medical massage alleviates symptoms of osteoarthritis in a rat model through the Notch1/matrix metalloproteinase-13 signaling pathway [J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2021, 41(4): 600-607. |
[5] | LAN Taijin, LUO Xuefei, MO Mingyue, CHEN Zhenxing, LUO Fei, HAN Siyin, LIU Peng, LIANG Zhongxiu, ZHANG Ting, LI Tianyi, YAN Qiangqiang, LIN Yong, LIN Jiang. Hydrolyzed seawater pearl tablet modulates the immunity via attenuating Th1/Th2 imbalance in an immunosuppressed mouse model [J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2021, 41(3): 397-405. |
[6] | Chen Wenjin, Wang Jianwei, Zhou Zhiyi, Ren Yide, Hua Zhen, Yan Zheng, Zhang Yafeng. Therapeutic efficacy of traditional Chinese exercises and massage treatment on lumbar instability: a randomized controlled trial [J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2020, 40(6): 1026-1032. |
[7] | Jin Yutong, Chen Shan, Xuan Lihua. Effect and safety of stimulating acupoints in children with cough variant asthma:A Meta-analysis [J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2018, 38(04): 480-489. |
[8] | Xia Ruyu, Hu Xiaoyang, Wang Di, Wang Ying, Merlin Willcox, Liu Jianping, Michael Moore, Andrew Flower, Li Xun, Lily Lai, Hu Ruixue, Wen Lingzi, Zhang Lishan, Wang Qi, Fei Yutong. Evidence base of randomized controlled trials and guideline recommendations of patent Traditional Chinese Medicines for uncomplicated acute lower respiratory tract infections in adults [J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2018, 38(04): 490-503. |
[9] | Rong Ping, Li Li, Zhang Xilian, Liu Quanhui, Yan Huimin, Xin Deli, Xue Zheng, Ren Xianqing, Wu Zhenqi, Ma Rong, Zhang Junhua. Clinical practices s of Traditional Chinese Medicine for acute upper respiratory tract infection in children [J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2018, 38(04): 504-510. |
[10] | Jiang Junjie, Zhang Yin, Xie Yanming, Li Yuan, Sun Shuailing, Zhang Yili, Wang Shuo, Zhu Yong, Qi Wensheng. Jinye Baidu granule for wind-warmth lung-heat disease(heat in the lung-wei): protocol for a randomized, double-blind, parallel, controlled trial [J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2017, 37(05): 621-628. |
[11] | Wojciech Kobza, Pawel Lizis, Halina Romualda Zi?ba. Effects of feet reflexology versus segmental massage in reducing pain and its intensity,frequency and duration of the attacks in females with migraine:a pilot study [J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2017, 37(02): 214-219. |
[12] | Geng Yingying, Wang Wenge, Zhang Junhong, Bi Shuying, Li Hongxia, Lin Meijiao. Effects of Traditional Chinese Medicine herbs for tonifying Qi and kidney, and replenishing spleen on intermittent asthma in children aged 2 to 5 years old [J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2016, 36(01): 32-38. |
[13] | Yan Suqi, Xiong Xiaoli, Wan Qi, Liu Fan, Tang Jianqiao, Jiang Zhixia, Zhou Lishan, Yuan Kai, Xie Dong. Preventative effect of massage on gastric volvulus in infants with gastroesophageal reflux-induced pneumonia [J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2015, 35(05): 520-527. |
[14] | Robert Walaszek. Impact of classic massage on blood pressure in patients with clinically diagnosed hypertension [J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2015, 35(04): 396-401. |
[15] | Zhu Qingguang, Fang Min, Gong Li, Jiang Shuyun, Sun Wuquan, Li Jianhua, Li Yong. Gait analysis of patients with knee osteoarthritis before and after Chinese massage treatment [J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2015, 35(04): 411-416. |
Viewed | ||||||
Full text |
|
|||||
Abstract |
|
|||||
Sponsored by China Association of Chinese Medicine
& China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences
16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen Nei, Beijing, China. 100700 Email: jtcmen@126.com
Copyright 2020 Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine. All rights reserved.